Understand physical changes during adulthood and old age, factors affecting life expectancy, and how healthy habits support each life stage.

Explain how air resistance acts as a frictional force on moving objects and how surface area affects air resistance.

Develop skills to record data in tables and charts, interpret patterns, write evidence-based conclusions, evaluate methods, and present scientific findings.

Record data in tables and graphs, identify patterns, draw evidence-based conclusions, evaluate methods, and communicate scientific findings.

Record and graph scientific data, identify patterns and anomalies, draw evidence-based conclusions, and evaluate experimental reliability.

Explain why animals and humans need nutrition, how they obtain it by eating rather than making food, and identify the main reasons bodies require nutrients.

Explain how animal actions, migrations, hibernations, and nocturnal habits ensure survival.

Compare how different animals obtain nutrition based on their diets (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), adaptations, and trophic relationships.

Learners will compare how different animal groups grow and explain the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

Compare the distinct stages, transformations, and reproductive milestones in the life cycles of mammals, amphibians, insects, and birds.

Examine how different animals in habitats around the world, such as deserts, oceans, and rainforests, find food and water.

Understand that animals cannot make their own food, identify the essential nutrient groups, and explain the components of a healthy balanced diet.

Learners will understand what offspring are, learn specific names for baby animals, and identify how offspring resemble and differ from their parents.

Identify structural adaptations that allow animals to survive in different environments.

Learners will explore how animals reproduce through eggs or live birth and how parents care for, protect, and feed their growing young.

Explain how sexual and asexual reproduction occur in animals, including fertilisation methods, embryonic development, and parental care strategies.

Explore fertilisation methods, parental care strategies, the work of naturalists, and conservation efforts protecting animal breeding cycles.

Compare endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and hydrostatic skeletons across vertebrates and invertebrates, describing how each supports and protects the animal.

Compare the dentition of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores to understand how tooth shape relates to diet.

Describe the simple functions of the basic parts of the digestive system in humans.

Understand that animals cannot make their own food, identify essential nutrient groups, and evaluate balanced diets for humans and other animals.

Identify the types and functions of human teeth, investigate dental care, and construct food chains with producers, predators, and prey.

Describe the principles of a balanced diet and plan healthy meals and snacks across the day using appropriate portion sizes.

Explain how animals breathe in water and on land, and how they survive harsh conditions such as winter and drought.

Classify organisms into broad kingdoms and groups using observable characteristics, similarities, and differences across microorganisms, plants, and animals.

Identify and name circuit components, construct complete series circuits, and predict whether a lamp will light based on a complete loop.

Identify and describe carnivores, their diets, hunting structures, and tooth adaptations.

Investigate how heating and cooling cause melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, and apply these concepts to model and explain the global water cycle.

Understand and investigate how heating and cooling cause reversible changes of state, including melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation.

Explore how heating and cooling cause reversible changes of state, measure temperatures in degrees Celsius, and trace the water cycle.

Investigate how the shapes of solid objects can be changed by squashing, bending, twisting, and stretching, and explore elastic and permanent changes.

Give reasons based on evidence from fair tests for why particular materials are chosen for specific products.

Use scientific circuit diagrams, test conductors and insulators, investigate circuit variations, and apply concepts to build a working circuit project.

Investigate how changing circuit components affects lamps and buzzers, systematically solve circuit problems, and design functional electrical models.

Recognise, draw, and interpret standard scientific circuit symbols and schematic diagrams for simple circuits.

Compare and explain variations in component behaviour caused by adding components, wire lengths, and switch positions.

Classify organisms into major kingdoms, vertebrate classes, and invertebrate phyla using observable traits and dichotomous keys.

Identify life processes, group vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants by observable characteristics, and construct and read branching classification keys.

Provide scientific reasons for grouping plants and animals based on specific anatomical structures, reproductive methods, and observable features.

Identify and distinguish the main groups of vertebrates and invertebrates and apply classification skills in a local wildlife field study.

Identify anatomical similarities and differences between fossils and modern living creatures.

Compare, sort, and classify everyday materials using simple physical properties and record findings.

Describe and compare the physical anatomy, body coverings, and movement parts across animal groups.

Describe and compare the developmental stages and life cycles of mammals, amphibians, insects, and birds.

Test electrical conductors and insulators, investigate how cell and bulb counts affect circuit behavior, and apply circuit diagrams to build an interactive electrical project.

Explore pushes, pulls, and twists, measure forces in newtons, and investigate how surface friction affects movement in everyday situations.

Explain how switches open and close circuits to control current flow, build homemade switches, and troubleshoot switched circuits.

Apply scientific knowledge of material properties and shape changes to design, evaluate, and improve everyday objects.

Understand how digested nutrients travel into the bloodstream to supply the body with energy, growth, and repair materials.

Investigate how substances dissolve in liquids to form solutions and explore factors affecting dissolving rates.

Compare and group different rocks based on appearance and physical properties, explain how fossils are formed, and explore soil composition.

Explain how the movements of the Earth and Moon create day and night, shadows, lunar phases, and seasonal changes, as well as how humans observe and model space.

Explain how the Earth's movement and tilt cause day and night, changing shadow lengths, and daylight variations.

Investigate British weather patterns, seasonal adaptations, environmental change, and local conservation initiatives.

Explain how the Earth's rotation on its axis causes day, night, and the apparent movement of the Sun across the sky.

Identify common electrical appliances, construct simple series electrical circuits with cells, wires, bulbs, buzzers, and motors, and troubleshoot incomplete circuits.

Test and classify materials as electrical conductors or insulators, associate metals with good conductivity, and explain how electrical cables and plugs use both.

Test and classify everyday materials as electrical conductors or insulators, and explain how switches control current in circuits.

Identify appliances that run on electricity, distinguish between mains and battery power, and explain how electrical safety rules protect us.

Recognise electrical conductors and insulators, and explain how switches control current in a circuit.

Construct simple series circuits, identify common electrical appliances, and name circuit components.

Identify common appliances that run on electricity, construct simple series electrical circuits, and diagnose complete and broken circuits.

Construct complete series circuits, identify the function of electrical components, integrate switches, and classify electrical conductors and insulators.

Recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit, and associate conductors and insulators with good electrical flow or safety.

Examine how natural events and human activities affect ecosystems, and discover ways to protect and support local biodiversity.

Explain how natural changes and human activities alter environments and impact living things, and explore ways to protect habitats.

Explain how shifting climates, pollution, and new competitors put pressure on populations.

Investigate how evaporation and condensation work and demonstrate how temperature affects the rate of evaporation.

Identify various British and extreme habitats and explain how plants and animals adapt to survive in them.

Describe materials using scientific property words such as hard, soft, stretchy, stiff, waterproof, absorbent, and transparent.

Investigate what soil is made of, separate soil layers, test drainage across soil types, and understand the role of living organisms in soil health.

Examine causes of extinction and how fossils reveal past climates and habitats.

Discover how body structures, predatory relationships, and group behaviors help animals find and consume food in their habitats.

Identify the reproductive parts of flowers, compare insect and wind pollination mechanisms, and understand how fertilisation produces seeds.

Understand the stages of the flowering plant life cycle, from flower anatomy and pollination to fertilisation, seed dispersal, and germination.

Examine flower anatomy and explore the processes of pollination and fertilisation in flowering plants.

Construct and interpret food chains across varied terrestrial and aquatic biomes, analyzing habitat-specific feeding relationships.

Construct and interpret food chains and food webs, identifying producers, consumers, predators, and prey.

Construct and interpret food chains to identify producers, predators, and prey in diverse ecosystems.

Construct and interpret food chains, identifying producers, predators, and prey, and trace energy transfer through feeding relationships.

Describe food hygiene and home cleanliness practices, and explain how exercise, nutrition, and hygiene work together for overall health.

Describe how animals obtain food from plants and other animals and construct simple food chains for different habitats.

Explore pushes and pulls, investigate friction on different surfaces, and understand magnetic poles, attraction, and repulsion.

Understand contact and non-contact forces, exploring gravity, friction, air resistance, and water resistance through practical investigations.

Explore how contact and non-contact forces act upon objects, including friction, air resistance, water resistance, and gravity.

Analyse how famous paleontologists made fossil discoveries and reconstruct ancient timelines.

Explain how fossils form in rock layers and what they reveal about life on Earth millions of years ago.

Identify how friction acts between surfaces in contact to oppose motion, and explore ways to increase or reduce it.

Explore how interlocking gears transfer motion, adjust speed and turning force, and combine into compound machines.

Explain how germs spread and demonstrate key personal hygiene routines including handwashing, dental care, and body cleanliness.

Explain how gravity acts as a non-contact pulling force between the Earth and unsupported objects.

Classify living organisms into groups based on observable characteristics and create and use branching classification keys.

Group and classify animals, plants, and fungi using observable physical characteristics and shared features.

Observe and describe how seeds and bulbs germinate, sprout, and grow into healthy mature flowering plants.

Explore local and global habitats and evaluate how natural and human-induced environmental changes affect living things.

Examine local and global habitats, discover how environments change naturally and through human activity, and evaluate effects on living organisms.

Explain how different habitats provide for the basic needs of plants and animals, and how living things are suited to their environments.

Investigate local micro-habitats, food chains and webs, organism adaptations, and the human impacts and conservation efforts affecting biodiversity.

Investigate local habitats using ecological sampling tools, explore how seasonal and natural changes affect organisms, and evaluate human impacts on ecosystems.

Use, evaluate, and construct branching classification keys to identify organisms in local and wider environments.