Changes of State, Temperature, and the Water Cycle

Develop practical scientific skills including asking testable questions, planning fair tests, making precise observations, and interpreting data.

Group, identify, and classify a wide variety of living things using observation, criteria, and branching classification keys.

Understand how organisms are adapted to habitats, construct food chains and webs, and evaluate the impact of environmental changes on ecosystems.

Identify the parts of flowering plants and understand their functions in growth, pollination, fertilisation, and seed dispersal.

Investigate how roots absorb water and nutrients, how stems transport fluids, and how leaves use sunlight to produce food.

Understand that animals cannot make their own food, identify the essential nutrient groups, and explain the components of a healthy balanced diet.

Identify the main bones and muscles in the human body and explain how skeletons and antagonistic muscle pairs provide support, protection, and movement.

Trace the journey of food through the digestive organs, identify different types of human teeth, and explain how to maintain good dental health.

Compare and group materials together according to whether they are solids, liquids, or gases, and understand particle arrangements.

Explore how heating and cooling cause reversible changes of state, measure temperatures in degrees Celsius, and trace the water cycle.

Test, compare, and group everyday materials on the basis of their properties, including hardness, solubility, transparency, and thermal/electrical conductivity.

Compare and group different kinds of rocks based on appearance and physical properties, understand fossilisation, and explore soil composition.

Recognise that light travels in straight lines, explore how light is reflected from surfaces, and investigate how shadows form and change size.

Identify how sounds are made by vibrations, explain how sound travels through solids, liquids, and gases to reach ears, and investigate pitch and volume.

Explore pushes and pulls, investigate friction on different surfaces, and understand magnetic poles, attraction, and repulsion.

Construct complete series circuits, identify the function of electrical components, integrate switches, and classify electrical conductors and insulators.