Habitats, Ecosystems, and Environmental Impact

Ask testable scientific questions, control variables, and make precise, repeatable measurements during experimental investigations.

Record data in tables and graphs, identify patterns, draw evidence-based conclusions, evaluate methods, and communicate scientific findings.

Understand the structure of the solar system, the characteristics of the planets, and how planets orbit the Sun.

Explain how the movements of the Earth and Moon create day and night, shadows, lunar phases, and seasonal changes, as well as how humans observe and model space.

Understand fundamental force concepts, how to measure forces, and how gravity affects mass and weight.

Investigate how friction, air resistance, and water resistance oppose motion and how streamlining and buoyancy affect movement.

Understand how levers and pulley systems can multiply force and change the direction of force to move heavy loads easily.

Explore how gears and inclined planes transfer motion and mechanical advantage, and combine simple machines to design compound mechanisms.

Test, compare, and rank materials based on hardness, transparency, thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetism, flexibility, and permeability.

Apply knowledge of material properties to classify substances, evaluate modern and sustainable materials, and design everyday products.

Understand what mixtures are, define solutes, solvents, and solutions, and investigate factors that affect solubility and dissolving rates.

Learn and apply various techniques—including sieving, filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography—to separate complex mixtures.

Understand reversible changes such as changes of state and dissolving, and identify evidence of irreversible chemical reactions including combustion and acid reactions.

Investigate slow chemical changes such as oxidation, cooking, and organic decay, and learn to classify and justify material transformations as reversible or irreversible.

Understand the stages of the flowering plant life cycle, from flower anatomy and pollination to fertilisation, seed dispersal, and germination.

Explore asexual plant reproduction, artificial propagation, and the reproductive strategies of non-flowering plants such as mosses, ferns, and conifers.

Describe and compare the developmental stages and life cycles of mammals, amphibians, insects, and birds.

Explore fertilisation methods, parental care strategies, the work of naturalists, and conservation efforts protecting animal breeding cycles.

Explore early human development from conception and gestation through infancy, childhood, and the physical changes of puberty.

Understand physical changes during adulthood and old age, factors affecting life expectancy, and how healthy habits support each life stage.

Classify organisms into major kingdoms, vertebrate classes, and invertebrate phyla using observable traits and dichotomous keys.

Investigate local micro-habitats, food chains and webs, organism adaptations, and the human impacts and conservation efforts affecting biodiversity.

Explain how sound travels as vibrations through different mediums, how pitch and volume are controlled, and how sound waves are detected by the human ear.

Investigate how light travels, reflects, refracts, and forms shadows, and examine how energy transforms and is harnessed from renewable sources.