Use visualising, predicting, and connecting strategies to actively engage with texts and build initial understanding before and during reading.

Add circumstantial detail using adverb groups and prepositional phrases, and understand the effect of past, present, and future tenses on meaning.

Build literal and inferred meaning from texts, expand topic knowledge through reading, and evaluate the quality and effectiveness of texts.

Compare texts from different time periods with similar purposes and audiences to identify similarities and differences in how they depict events.

Build complex sentences using dependent clauses and subordinating conjunctions to express time and cause-effect relationships.

Recognise, convert, and correctly punctuate direct and indirect speech using quotation marks, commas, and appropriate capitalisation.

Identify literary devices and word play in literary texts, and examine how they shape meaning and reader response, with a specific focus on poetry.

Recognise similar storylines across cultural contexts, describe how authors create engaging stories, and explain the effects of text structures and language features.

Use language to build relationships in formal and informal contexts, distinguish opinion from fact, and understand how images are composed for effect.