Use AND, OR and NOT operators to build logical expressions and complete truth tables to solve problems.

Apply decomposition, abstraction and pattern recognition to break down complex problems ready for computational solutions.

Explain how a CPU works including the fetch-execute cycle, and compare types of storage.

Apply mathematical skills to computing problems including unit conversions, binary arithmetic and data calculations.

Identify forms of cyber attack, methods of finding vulnerabilities, and ways to protect systems using validation and authentication.

Convert between binary, hexadecimal and decimal, and perform binary addition and shifts.

Select appropriate data types and use arrays and records to organise data in programs.

Evaluate the ethical, legal and environmental impacts of digital technology on society including privacy and legislation.

Understand network types, protocols, layers and the importance of wired and wireless connectivity.

Follow and write algorithms that use sequence, selection and iteration with appropriate input, processing and output.

Understand the software design process, distinguish between high-level and low-level languages, and explain how translators convert source code.

Understand how text, sound and images are represented digitally and calculate file sizes.

Design, write, modularize, test, and refine a complete program to meet a given specification.

Understand, trace and evaluate standard search and sort algorithms including binary search and merge sort.

Explain the purpose and functionality of operating systems and utility software.