Identify the characteristics that define an author's individual writing style and compare the styles of different authors writing on similar topics.

Explain how visual elements such as images, tables, graphs, diagrams, and maps interact with text to build and support meaning in a range of multimodal texts.

Synthesise information across multiple texts and use comprehension strategies such as visualising, summarising, and questioning to build literal and inferred meaning.

Use embedded, relative, and subordinate clauses to construct complex sentences that elaborate, extend, and connect ideas in writing.

Compare how different authors and cultures treat similar themes, plot structures, and characters, identifying key similarities and differences across retellings and texts on the same topic.

Use surrounding context, synonyms, antonyms, and contrast clues within sentences to determine the meaning of unknown words.

Create and edit literary texts that adapt plot structures, characters, settings, and ideas from texts experienced, and experiment with literary devices.

Engage effectively in discussions and debates by paraphrasing ideas, questioning and clarifying others' arguments, and supporting and evaluating opinions with evidence.

Identify authors' use of vivid, emotive vocabulary and figurative language — including metaphors, similes, personification, idioms, imagery, and hyperbole — and explain how these create meaning and effect.

Develop strong written texts by selecting precise vocabulary, vivid language, relevant details, and varied clause structures appropriate to purpose and audience.