Wave Phenomena and Geometric Optics

Explain states of matter, thermal expansion, diffusion, and Brownian motion using particle models, and calculate mass, volume, and density.

Classify matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures, use chemical formulas, and apply periodic trends to predict reactivity.

Analyze inorganic classes, electrolytic dissociation, pH balance, and neutralization reactions.

Analyze motion using scalar and vector quantities, calculate velocity and acceleration, and interpret kinematic graphs.

Apply Newton's three laws of motion, momentum conservation, and friction models to describe object dynamics.

Model circular motion dynamics, hydrostatic pressure, communicating vessels, and Archimedes' principle.

Calculate mechanical work, power, kinetic and potential energy, simple machine efficiency, and simple harmonic oscillations.

Investigate conduction, convection, radiation, specific heat, latent heat, and thermodynamic laws.

Analyze electric charges, fields, potentials, and construct DC circuits using Ohm's, Joule's, and Kirchhoff's laws.

Investigate magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, motors, transformers, relays, and alternating current.

Model wave behaviors including interference, diffraction, Doppler effect, reflection, refraction, and optical technologies.

Analyze wave-particle duality, atomic emission/absorption spectra, radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, and mass-energy equivalence.