Thermal Energy, Heat Transfer, and Thermal Machines

Investigate physical properties of matter, calculate density, analyze buoyancy, and model state changes and thermal expansion at the particulate level.

Differentiate pure substances from mixtures and apply physical separation methods based on material properties.

Explain atomic structure, distinguish elements from compounds, and use the organization of the periodic table to predict element properties.

Differentiate physical changes from chemical reactions, identify signs of reactions, and demonstrate the law of conservation of mass.

Measure forces with instruments, analyze contact and non-contact interactions, and investigate relationships between force, mass, speed, and periodic motion.

Analyze the mechanical principles, force multiplication, and torque equilibrium of simple machines to solve real-world problems.

Distinguish temperature from heat, analyze conduction, convection, and radiation, and evaluate thermal insulation and thermal machines.

Construct and troubleshoot series and parallel circuits, analyze energy transformations, and calculate power consumption and electrical efficiency.

Investigate magnetic forces, map magnetic field lines, build electromagnets, and control magnetic field strength and polarity.

Investigate rectilinear propagation of light, reflection, refraction, color dispersion, sound vibration, and modern medical/technological wave applications.