Analyze atmospheric layers, global air and ocean circulation cells, the greenhouse effect, and evaluate human-driven climate change and mitigations.

Explain atomic structure, distinguish elements from compounds, and use the organization of the periodic table to predict element properties.

Investigate how innovations in synthetic materials, medical tools, and biotechnology impact society, and design sustainable conservation solutions.

Explain cell theory, identify organelles under a microscope, and model passive and active transport across cell membranes.

Compare modes of reproduction and cell division, and apply Mendelian principles to predict inheritance patterns.

Differentiate physical changes from chemical reactions, identify signs of reactions, and demonstrate the law of conservation of mass.

Plan and execute fair, repeatable experiments by controlling variables, following rigorous safety protocols, and upholding field ethics.