Differentiate genocide from other atrocities, analyze case studies from the 20th and 21st centuries, and evaluate international human rights protections.

Examine global intellectual and artistic innovations, trans-regional trade routes, and the economic mechanisms that integrated classical societies.

Analyze how classical empires used geography, state authority, military force, legal codes, and taxation systems to govern large territories and diverse populations.

Analyze the crises leading to classical imperial decline, the continuation of Byzantium, and the complex cultures and economies of Africa and North America to 1500 CE.

Analyze factors that cause cooperation and conflict among diverse cultural groups and examine imperial expansion and indigenous resistance.

Use geographic tools, spatial inquiry methods, and comparative calendar systems to analyze human history and global regions.