Learners will analyse patterns and relationships in data, identify anomalies and sources of error, and construct evidence-based arguments to evaluate the validity of scientific claims.

Learners will recognise cells as the basic units of life, identify key cell structures and organelles, compare plant and animal cells, and explain how specialised cells are adapted to their functions.

Learners will select appropriate equipment for precise measurement, use practical and digital tools to generate and record data, and apply simulations to test scientific ideas.

Learners will distinguish between elements, compounds, and mixtures, and learn to read, write, and interpret chemical formulas by counting atoms and using the periodic table.

Learners will identify indicators of energy change in chemical reactions and compare exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Learners will define energy, identify common forms of energy, and classify energy as kinetic or potential, including gravitational, elastic, and chemical potential energy.

Learners will describe how energy is transferred through conduction and radiation, trace energy transformations in simple systems, and explain the principle of energy conservation.

Learners will explain how cells form tissues, how tissues combine to form organs, and how organs work together in systems to enable survival of the organism.

Learners will apply chemical formulas in real-world contexts, construct and evaluate 2D and 3D molecular models, and classify and separate different types of mixtures.

Learners will select and construct appropriate representations—including tables, graphs, and models—to organise and process scientific data from investigations.

Learners will compare physical and chemical changes, use particle models to explain them, and use evidence to classify changes.

Learners will develop investigable questions and hypotheses, identify and control variables, design fair and reproducible investigations, and manage safety, ethical, and cultural considerations.