Wave Properties, Optics, and Wave Phenomena

Analyze forces and motion mathematically to predict mechanical interactions, momentum exchanges, gravitational attractions, and fluid behaviors.

Apply the first law of thermodynamics and mechanical energy conservation to quantify work, power, thermal transitions, and system efficiency.

Model mechanical and electromagnetic wave propagation and mathematically analyze reflection, refraction, diffraction, and standing waves.

Analyze series and parallel direct-current circuits using Ohm's law, calculate electrical energy use, and model electromagnetic induction in motors and generators.