Quantitative Chemistry: Empirical Formulae and Equation Balancing

Explain the movement and discharge of ions during the electrolysis of molten binary ionic compounds and write electrode half-equations.

Determine competing ion discharges in aqueous solutions, predict electrode products, and explain industrial extraction and purification.

Identify oxidised and reduced species in terms of oxygen transfer and electron transfer across chemical equations and displacement reactions.

Apply arithmetic ratios to deduce empirical formulae from experimental data and balance complex chemical equations with state symbols.

Distinguish exothermic and endothermic reactions by temperature changes, draw reaction profiles, and interpret activation energy graphically.

Calculate overall enthalpy changes using mean bond energies and explain why reactions are exothermic or endothermic at the molecular level.

Explain the finite nature of crude oil, its role as an industrial feedstock for essential everyday materials, and the environmental impacts of hydrocarbon dependence.