Nuclear Stability, Radioactive Decay, and Radiation Hazards

Analyze blackbody radiation, photoelectric emission, photon momentum, matter waves, and the limits imposed by quantum uncertainty.

Quantify atomic electron transitions, calculate spectral emission and absorption lines with the Rydberg equation, and interpret astronomical spectra.

Balance nuclear equations, model exponential decay kinetics mathematically, and assess radiometric dating and biological radiation risks.

Calculate mass defect and nuclear binding energy with E = mc², evaluate fission and fusion energetics, and analyze pair production and annihilation.

Relate valence electronic structure to periodic trends, chemical bonding types, intermolecular forces, reaction kinetics, equilibrium shifts, and functional groups.