Momentum, Impulse, Energy, and Mechanical Stability

Resolve coplanar vector systems to model two-dimensional kinematics, translational equilibrium, and projectile motion under uniform gravitational fields.

Apply conservation laws of linear momentum and mechanical energy to multi-body collisions, impulse delivery, center of mass tracking, and rotational stability.

Model uniform circular motion, centripetal forces, and simple harmonic oscillations quantitatively using harmonic kinematic functions and energy conservation.

Analyze the mechanical properties of solid materials under deformation and evaluate fluid statics, streamline flow, and Bernoulli dynamics.

Analyze complex direct-current circuits using Kirchhoff's laws, internal resistance models, potential dividers, and capacitive charge-discharge kinetics.

Analyze physical wave phenomena including transverse polarization, single-slit and diffraction grating patterns, two-source interference, and stationary wave modes.

Model thermodynamic states, internal energy, kinetic molecular motion in gases, absolute zero, and thermal transfer mechanisms.

Explain quantum behavior including wave-particle duality, the photoelectric effect, and de Broglie wavelengths, alongside radioactive decay kinetics, binding energy, and nuclear reactions.

Compare fundamental fields, calculating gravitational and electrostatic potentials, orbital dynamics, Coulomb interactions, Lorentz forces, and electromagnetic induction.