Forms of Energy and Thermal Transfer

Identify and test physical properties of materials to classify them and evaluate their suitability for real-world engineering and functional uses.

Explain the characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases using particle behavior and trace how thermal energy drives phase changes.

Distinguish between heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous solutions, and apply physical separation techniques based on material properties.

Identify everyday forms of energy, explain thermal equilibrium, and test thermal and electrical conductors and insulators.

Analyze contact and non-contact forces, predict how unbalanced forces change speed and direction, and measure friction across surfaces.

Analyze how simple machines (levers, inclined planes, pulleys, screws, wheel and axle) reduce effort to perform mechanical work.

Investigate magnetic forces, attraction and repulsion between poles, magnetic materials, and geomagnetic navigation using compasses.

Investigate electrostatic charges, construct complete working electric circuits, and implement safe electrical practices.

Demonstrate that light travels in straight lines, explain shadow formation and size patterns, and investigate reflection, refraction, and the color spectrum.

Investigate sound as mechanical vibrations traveling through media, relating pitch to frequency and loudness to amplitude and energy.