Cellular Respiration and Energy Transfer

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular ultrastructures, explain the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution, and apply microscopy techniques to analyze specimen dimensions.

Analyze the molecular structures, monomeric subunits, and physiological functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and execute biochemical identification assays.

Explain fluid mosaic membrane architecture, investigate passive and active transport mechanisms, and quantify diffusion limitations using surface-area-to-volume calculations.

Explain enzyme tertiary specificity, active site catalytic mechanisms, and quantitatively evaluate how environmental factors and inhibitors alter reaction kinetics.

Analyze cellular respiration as an exothermic catabolic pathway, comparing the biochemical stages of aerobic respiration with anaerobic fermentation.

Describe photosynthesis as an endothermic anabolic process, analyze light-dependent and Calvin cycle stages, and evaluate limiting factors using mathematical laws.

Describe eukaryotic cell cycle phases, semiconservative DNA replication, and mitotic division, explain stem cell differentiation, and analyze oncogenic checkpoint failures.