Cell Architecture, Membrane Transport, and Endosymbiosis

Explain the chemical structure and biological functions of water, bioelements, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in living systems.

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic ultrastructures, model all forms of selective membrane transport, and evaluate endosymbiotic theory.

Investigate catalytic mechanisms, enzyme-substrate kinetics, environmental rate dependencies, allosteric control, and feedback loops.

Model cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation, light reactions, and carbon fixation adaptations.

Model the eukaryotic cell cycle checkpoints, enzymatic DNA replication machinery, mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation, cytokinesis, and apoptosis.