Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

Explain the structure of the nuclear atom, calculate subatomic particles in atoms and ions, and evaluate historical models of the atom.

Explain how the modern Periodic Table is organised by atomic number and electron arrangements, and compare metals with non-metals.

Describe the chemical and physical properties of Groups 1, 7 and 0, and explain reactivity trends down groups.

Model states of matter and changes of state using kinetic theory, evaluate particle models, and predict states from melting and boiling point data.

Describe and compare ionic, simple covalent, giant covalent, polymeric, and metallic bonding and relate structure to bulk properties.

Explain chemical bonding via electrostatic attractions, construct and critique bonding representations, and relate bonding to bulk material properties.

Explain the diverse structures, bonding arrangements, and industrial applications of carbon compounds, giant covalent networks, and fullerenes.

Estimate and relate the dimensions and scale of atoms and nanoparticles to real-world objects using standard form, ratios, and graphical representations.