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Tutor model

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What would you like to learn?

Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

Lesson generation model

System default

i58 💰:18.8

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i25 💰:31.3

Tutoring abilities

Did you know that we are on the very last stretch of the alphabet? There are only eight big letters left to discover!

Let's meet our first two letters: **S** and **T**.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background-color: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
    }

    .letter-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px solid #e6e6e6;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      position: relative;
    }

    .letter-card.active {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 6px 16px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.2);
    }

    .svg-box {
      width: 120px;
      height: 120px;
      margin: 4px 0 10px 0;
    }

    .guide-line {
      stroke: #f1f5f9;
      stroke-width: 2;
      stroke-dasharray: 4 4;
    }

    .stroke-base {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #e2e8f0;
      stroke-width: 14;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
    }

    .stroke-draw {
      fill: none;
      stroke-width: 14;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
      transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.8s ease;
    }

    .stroke-s {
      stroke: #10b981;
    }

    .stroke-t1 {
      stroke: #22b7ff;
      transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.4s ease;
    }

    .stroke-t2 {
      stroke: #0284c7;
      transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.4s ease 0.35s;
    }

    .meta-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .tag {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .tag-s {
      background: #ecfdf5;
      color: #047857;
    }

    .tag-t {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .btn-sound {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      cursor: pointer;
      margin-top: 10px;
      transition: background-color 0.2s;
    }

    .btn-sound:active {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }

    @media (max-width: 360px) {
      .svg-box {
        width: 100px;
        height: 100px;
      }
      .grid {
        gap: 10px;
      }
      .tag {
        font-size: 14px;
        padding: 3px 8px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="letter-card active" id="cardS" onclick="playLetter('S')">
      <svg class="svg-box" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
        
        <line x1="10" y1="18" x2="90" y2="18" class="guide-line" />
        <line x1="10" y1="50" x2="90" y2="50" class="guide-line" />
        <line x1="10" y1="82" x2="90" y2="82" class="guide-line" />
        
        <path d="M 72 30 C 72 16, 28 16, 28 32 C 28 48, 72 52, 72 68 C 72 84, 28 84, 28 70" class="stroke-base" />
        
        <path id="pathS" d="M 72 30 C 72 16, 28 16, 28 32 C 28 48, 72 52, 72 68 C 72 84, 28 84, 28 70" class="stroke-draw stroke-s" stroke-dasharray="160" stroke-dashoffset="0" />
      </svg>
      <div class="meta-row">
        <span class="tag tag-s">🐍 /s/</span>
      </div>
      <button class="btn-sound" aria-label="Hear sound S">🔊 Tap</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="letter-card" id="cardT" onclick="playLetter('T')">
      <svg class="svg-box" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
        
        <line x1="10" y1="18" x2="90" y2="18" class="guide-line" />
        <line x1="10" y1="50" x2="90" y2="50" class="guide-line" />
        <line x1="10" y1="82" x2="90" y2="82" class="guide-line" />
        
        <line x1="22" y1="20" x2="78" y2="20" class="stroke-base" />
        <line x1="50" y1="20" x2="50" y2="82" class="stroke-base" />
        
        <line id="pathT1" x1="22" y1="20" x2="78" y2="20" class="stroke-draw stroke-t1" stroke-dasharray="60" stroke-dashoffset="0" />
        <line id="pathT2" x1="50" y1="20" x2="50" y2="82" class="stroke-draw stroke-t2" stroke-dasharray="65" stroke-dashoffset="0" />
      </svg>
      <div class="meta-row">
        <span class="tag tag-t">🌴 /t/</span>
      </div>
      <button class="btn-sound" aria-label="Hear sound T">🔊 Tap</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let audioCtx = null;

    function initAudio() {
      if (!audioCtx) {
        audioCtx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
      }
    }

    function playSound(type) {
      try {
        initAudio();
        if (audioCtx.state === 'suspended') {
          audioCtx.resume();
        }

        if (type === 'S') {
          // Soft unvoiced /s/ hiss sound using bandpass noise
          const bufferSize = audioCtx.sampleRate * 0.35;
          const buffer = audioCtx.createBuffer(1, bufferSize, audioCtx.sampleRate);
          const data = buffer.getChannelData(0);
          for (let i = 0; i < bufferSize; i++) {
            data[i] = Math.random() * 2 - 1;
          }
          const noise = audioCtx.createBufferSource();
          noise.buffer = buffer;

          const filter = audioCtx.createBiquadFilter();
          filter.type = 'bandpass';
          filter.frequency.setValueAtTime(4500, audioCtx.currentTime);
          filter.Q.setValueAtTime(3.0, audioCtx.currentTime);

          const gain = audioCtx.createGain();
          gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.01, audioCtx.currentTime);
          gain.gain.linearRampToValueAtTime(0.18, audioCtx.currentTime + 0.05);
          gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, audioCtx.currentTime + 0.34);

          noise.connect(filter);
          filter.connect(gain);
          gain.connect(audioCtx.destination);
          noise.start();
        } else {
          // Crisp unvoiced /t/ tap sound
          const osc = audioCtx.createOscillator();
          const gain = audioCtx.createGain();

          osc.type = 'triangle';
          osc.frequency.setValueAtTime(600, audioCtx.currentTime);
          osc.frequency.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(80, audioCtx.currentTime + 0.08);

          gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.3, audioCtx.currentTime);
          gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, audioCtx.currentTime + 0.08);

          osc.connect(gain);
          gain.connect(audioCtx.destination);
          osc.start();
          osc.stop(audioCtx.currentTime + 0.09);
        }
      } catch (e) {
        // Fallback gracefully if audio is restricted
      }
    }

    function playLetter(letter) {
      const cardS = document.getElementById('cardS');
      const cardT = document.getElementById('cardT');
      const pathS = document.getElementById('pathS');
      const pathT1 = document.getElementById('pathT1');
      const pathT2 = document.getElementById('pathT2');

      if (letter === 'S') {
        cardS.classList.add('active');
        cardT.classList.remove('active');

        pathS.style.transition = 'none';
        pathS.style.strokeDashoffset = '160';
        void pathS.offsetWidth;
        pathS.style.transition = 'stroke-dashoffset 0.8s ease';
        pathS.style.strokeDashoffset = '0';

        playSound('S');
      } else {
        cardT.classList.add('active');
        cardS.classList.remove('active');

        pathT1.style.transition = 'none';
        pathT2.style.transition = 'none';
        pathT1.style.strokeDashoffset = '60';
        pathT2.style.strokeDashoffset = '65';
        void pathT1.offsetWidth;

        pathT1.style.transition = 'stroke-dashoffset 0.35s ease';
        pathT2.style.transition = 'stroke-dashoffset 0.4s ease 0.3s';
        pathT1.style.strokeDashoffset = '0';
        pathT2.style.strokeDashoffset = '0';

        playSound('T');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Letter **S** curves like a snake and makes the **/s/** sound. Letter **T** stands tall and represents the **/t/** phoneme.

What comes next? Two letters that look almost alike, but one is round and one is pointy!

Letter **U** curves like a smile for the **/u/** sound. Letter **V** makes a sharp point and represents the **/v/** phoneme.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Letters U and V: Curve vs Point</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
    }
    body {
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
    }
    .wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 14px;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      max-width: 140px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 2px solid transparent;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #64748b;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn.active-u {
      background: #f3e8ff;
      color: #7e22ce;
      border-color: #9c27b0;
    }
    .tab-btn.active-v {
      background: #fff7ed;
      color: #c2410c;
      border-color: #ff9800;
    }
    .display-card {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 16px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
    }
    .svg-stage {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 320px;
      height: 190px;
    }
    .badge-row {
      display: flex;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 10px;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
    }
    .shape-badge {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    .badge-u {
      background: #f3e8ff;
      color: #7e22ce;
    }
    .badge-v {
      background: #fff7ed;
      color: #c2410c;
    }
    .sound-btn {
      margin-top: 4px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #334155;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background 0.2s;
    }
    .sound-btn:active {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
    .guide-line {
      stroke: #e2e8f0;
      stroke-width: 2;
      stroke-dasharray: 4 4;
    }
    .letter-path {
      fill: none;
      stroke-width: 16;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
      transition: stroke-dashoffset 0.6s ease, stroke 0.3s ease;
    }
    .highlight-marker {
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="tabs">
      <button class="tab-btn active-u" id="tabU" onclick="setLetter('U')">
        <span>U</span> Curve
      </button>
      <button class="tab-btn" id="tabV" onclick="setLetter('V')">
        <span>V</span> Point
      </button>
    </div>

    <div class="display-card">
      <svg class="svg-stage" viewBox="0 0 300 180">
        
        <line x1="20" y1="30" x2="280" y2="30" class="guide-line" />
        <line x1="20" y1="150" x2="280" y2="150" class="guide-line" />

        
        <g id="groupU">
          
          <path id="pathU" class="letter-path" stroke="#9c27b0"
                d="M 100 35 L 100 115 A 50 50 0 0 0 200 115 L 200 35" />
          
          
          <path class="highlight-marker" fill="none" stroke="#e9d5ff" stroke-width="6" stroke-linecap="round"
                d="M 100 115 A 50 50 0 0 0 200 115" />
          <circle cx="150" cy="165" r="4" fill="#9c27b0" />
          <text x="150" y="177" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#7e22ce" font-weight="700">Smooth Bottom</text>
        </g>

        
        <g id="groupV" style="display: none;">
          
          <path id="pathV" class="letter-path" stroke="#ff9800"
                d="M 90 35 L 150 150 L 210 35" />

          
          <circle cx="150" cy="150" r="8" fill="none" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="2 2" />
          <polygon points="150,140 144,152 156,152" fill="#ea580c" />
          <text x="150" y="177" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#c2410c" font-weight="700">Sharp Corner</text>
        </g>
      </svg>

      <div class="badge-row">
        <div id="badge" class="shape-badge badge-u">
          <span id="badgeIcon">◡</span>
          <span id="badgeText">Smooth Curve</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <button class="sound-btn" onclick="playSound()">
        <span>🔊</span>
        <span id="soundLabel">Hear Sound /u/</span>
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let current = 'U';

    function setLetter(letter) {
      current = letter;
      const tabU = document.getElementById('tabU');
      const tabV = document.getElementById('tabV');
      const groupU = document.getElementById('groupU');
      const groupV = document.getElementById('groupV');
      const badge = document.getElementById('badge');
      const badgeIcon = document.getElementById('badgeIcon');
      const badgeText = document.getElementById('badgeText');
      const soundLabel = document.getElementById('soundLabel');

      if (letter === 'U') {
        tabU.className = 'tab-btn active-u';
        tabV.className = 'tab-btn';
        groupU.style.display = 'inline';
        groupV.style.display = 'none';

        badge.className = 'shape-badge badge-u';
        badgeIcon.textContent = '◡';
        badgeText.textContent = 'Smooth Curve';
        soundLabel.textContent = 'Hear Sound /u/';
      } else {
        tabU.className = 'tab-btn';
        tabV.className = 'tab-btn active-v';
        groupU.style.display = 'none';
        groupV.style.display = 'inline';

        badge.className = 'shape-badge badge-v';
        badgeIcon.textContent = '▼';
        badgeText.textContent = 'Sharp Point';
        soundLabel.textContent = 'Hear Sound /v/';
      }
    }

    function playSound() {
      if ('speechSynthesis' in window) {
        window.speechSynthesis.cancel();
        const text = current === 'U' ? 'Letter U, uh' : 'Letter V, vvv';
        const utterance = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance(text);
        utterance.rate = 0.85;
        window.speechSynthesis.speak(utterance);
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

What happens if we put two pointy V letters right next to each other?

Letter **W** zigzags to make the **/w/** sound. Letter **X** crosses in the middle and represents the **/ks/** phoneme.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Upper-Case Letters S to Z</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .selector {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(8, 1fr);
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 460px;
      margin-bottom: 14px;
    }

    .letter-btn {
      aspect-ratio: 1;
      border: 2px solid #e6e6e6;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-size: 18px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border-radius: 10px;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .letter-btn.active {
      background: #00bcd4;
      border-color: #00bcd4;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .stage-card {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 460px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px solid #eef0f3;
      padding: 20px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
      min-height: 250px;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .letter-display {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 20px;
      margin: 10px 0;
    }

    .big-letter {
      font-size: 88px;
      font-weight: 900;
      line-height: 1;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .visual-cue {
      font-size: 54px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 80px;
      height: 80px;
      background: #f0fbfc;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px dashed #00bcd4;
    }

    .tags-row {
      display: flex;
      gap: 10px;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .tag-sound {
      background: #fff3e0;
      color: #ff5722;
      border: 1px solid #ffe0b2;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 16px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }

    .tag-shape {
      background: #f0fbfc;
      color: #00838f;
      border: 1px solid #b2ebf2;
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: 15px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }

    .nav-bar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 460px;
      margin-top: 12px;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .nav-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 10px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: none;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      border: 1.5px solid #e6e6e6;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .nav-btn:active {
      background: #eef0f3;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="selector" id="selector">
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="0">S</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="1">T</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="2">U</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="3">V</button>
    <button class="letter-btn active" data-index="4">W</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="5">X</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="6">Y</button>
    <button class="letter-btn" data-index="7">Z</button>
  </div>

  <div class="stage-card">
    <div class="tags-row">
      <span class="tag-sound" id="soundChip">/w/</span>
      <span class="tag-shape" id="shapeChip">Zigzag lines</span>
    </div>

    <div class="letter-display">
      <div class="big-letter" id="letterText">W</div>
      <div class="visual-cue" id="cueIcon">〰️</div>
    </div>

    <div class="tags-row">
      <span class="tag-shape" id="strokeCount" style="color:#1e2945; background:#f4f5f7; border-color:#e0e2e6;">4 strokes</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="nav-bar">
    <button class="nav-btn" id="prevBtn">← Prev</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="nextBtn">Next →</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const letters = [
      { char: 'S', sound: '/s/', shape: 'Curved snake', icon: '🐍', strokes: '1 curve' },
      { char: 'T', sound: '/t/', shape: 'Top crossbar', icon: '🌴', strokes: '2 strokes' },
      { char: 'U', sound: '/u/', shape: 'Open cup', icon: '🪣', strokes: '1 curve' },
      { char: 'V', sound: '/v/', shape: 'Down-up point', icon: '✌️', strokes: '2 strokes' },
      { char: 'W', sound: '/w/', shape: 'Double zigzag', icon: '〰️', strokes: '4 strokes' },
      { char: 'X', sound: '/ks/', shape: 'Crossing lines', icon: '⚔️', strokes: '2 strokes' },
      { char: 'Y', sound: '/j/', shape: 'Slanted fork', icon: '🌱', strokes: '3 strokes' },
      { char: 'Z', sound: '/z/', shape: 'Zigzag corners', icon: '⚡', strokes: '3 strokes' }
    ];

    let currentIndex = 4; // Start at W as mentioned in surrounding text

    const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.letter-btn');
    const letterText = document.getElementById('letterText');
    const soundChip = document.getElementById('soundChip');
    const shapeChip = document.getElementById('shapeChip');
    const cueIcon = document.getElementById('cueIcon');
    const strokeCount = document.getElementById('strokeCount');

    function render(index) {
      currentIndex = index;
      const item = letters[index];
      
      letterText.textContent = item.char;
      soundChip.textContent = item.sound;
      shapeChip.textContent = item.shape;
      cueIcon.textContent = item.icon;
      strokeCount.textContent = item.strokes;

      btns.forEach((btn, i) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      });
    }

    btns.forEach((btn) => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
        render(parseInt(btn.getAttribute('data-index'), 10));
      });
    });

    document.getElementById('prevBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      const nextIdx = (currentIndex - 1 + letters.length) % letters.length;
      render(nextIdx);
    });

    document.getElementById('nextBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      const nextIdx = (currentIndex + 1) % letters.length;
      render(nextIdx);
    });

    render(currentIndex);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Now we are ready for the very last two letters of the whole alphabet!

Letter **Y** sits on a stick and represents **/j/**. Letter **Z** zips across and makes the buzzing **/z/** sound.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Upper-Case Letters S to Z</title>
  <script src="{{VENDOR_CDN}}/classace-diagram.js"></script>
  <style>
    .letter-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(8, 1fr);
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
    }
    .letter-tab {
      padding: 10px 0;
      font-size: 18px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 12px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .letter-tab.active {
      background: #1976d2;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1976d2;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.25);
    }
    .display-card {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 20px;
      border: 2px solid #eef2f6;
      box-shadow: 0 8px 24px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.06);
      padding: 24px 16px;
      min-height: 190px;
      position: relative;
    }
    .big-glyph {
      font-size: 72px;
      font-weight: 800;
      line-height: 1;
      color: #1976d2;
      min-width: 70px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .emoji-icon {
      font-size: 56px;
      line-height: 1;
    }
    .badge-sound {
      background: #fff8e1;
      border: 1px solid #fbc02d;
      color: #7d5700;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }
    .badge-word {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
    }
    .ctrl-btn {
      width: 42px;
      height: 42px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: bold;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }
    .ctrl-btn:active {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body class="col center gap-16" style="padding: 12px 8px;">

  
  <div class="letter-grid" id="tabs">
    <button class="letter-tab active" data-idx="0">S</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="1">T</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="2">U</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="3">V</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="4">W</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="5">X</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="6">Y</button>
    <button class="letter-tab" data-idx="7">Z</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="display-card col center gap-12">
    <div class="row center gap-16">
      <div class="big-glyph" id="charDisplay">S</div>
      <div class="emoji-icon" id="emojiDisplay">☀️</div>
    </div>
    <div class="row center gap-8">
      <span class="badge-word" id="wordDisplay">Sun</span>
      <span class="badge-sound" id="soundDisplay">/s/</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="row center gap-12">
    <button class="ctrl-btn" id="prevBtn" aria-label="Previous">◀</button>
    <button class="ctrl-btn" id="playBtn" aria-label="Play/Pause">⏸</button>
    <button class="ctrl-btn" id="nextBtn" aria-label="Next">▶</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const data = [
      { letter: 'S', emoji: '☀️', word: 'Sun', sound: '/s/' },
      { letter: 'T', emoji: '🌲', word: 'Tree', sound: '/t/' },
      { letter: 'U', emoji: '☂️', word: 'Umbrella', sound: '/ʌ/' },
      { letter: 'V', emoji: '🎻', word: 'Violin', sound: '/v/' },
      { letter: 'W', emoji: '🌊', word: 'Wave', sound: '/w/' },
      { letter: 'X', emoji: '📦', word: 'Box', sound: '/ks/' },
      { letter: 'Y', emoji: '🪀', word: 'Yo-yo', sound: '/j/' },
      { letter: 'Z', emoji: '🦓', word: 'Zebra', sound: '/z/' }
    ];

    const tabs = $$('.letter-tab');
    const charEl = $('#charDisplay');
    const emojiEl = $('#emojiDisplay');
    const wordEl = $('#wordDisplay');
    const soundEl = $('#soundDisplay');
    const playBtn = $('#playBtn');

    let current = 0;
    let playing = true;
    let timer = null;

    function render(idx) {
      current = idx;
      tabs.forEach((tab, i) => {
        if (i === idx) tab.classList.add('active');
        else tab.classList.remove('active');
      });
      const item = data[idx];
      charEl.textContent = item.letter;
      emojiEl.textContent = item.emoji;
      wordEl.textContent = item.word;
      soundEl.textContent = item.sound;
    }

    function next() {
      render((current + 1) % data.length);
    }

    function prev() {
      render((current - 1 + data.length) % data.length);
    }

    function startTimer() {
      if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
      timer = setInterval(next, 3000);
      playing = true;
      playBtn.textContent = '⏸';
    }

    function stopTimer() {
      if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
      timer = null;
      playing = false;
      playBtn.textContent = '▶';
    }

    tabs.forEach((tab) => {
      onTap(tab, () => {
        stopTimer();
        render(parseInt(tab.getAttribute('data-idx'), 10));
      });
    });

    onTap($('#nextBtn'), () => {
      stopTimer();
      next();
    });

    onTap($('#prevBtn'), () => {
      stopTimer();
      prev();
    });

    onTap(playBtn, () => {
      if (playing) {
        stopTimer();
      } else {
        next();
        startTimer();
      }
    });

    render(0);
    startTimer();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Can you spot all eight letters together in a line from S to Z?

Say each letter out loud in order: **S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z**!

In **Australian English**, each upper-case letter (grapheme) has a specific **letter name** and a primary common **phoneme** (sound).

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Upper-Case Letters S to Z</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .main-layout {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    /* Letter selector tabs */
    .letter-tabs {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1 1 42px;
      max-width: 58px;
      height: 44px;
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .tab-btn:hover {
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: transparent;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
    }

    /* Focus letter showcase */
    .showcase {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 16px 20px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: row;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-around;
      gap: 16px;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease;
    }

    .letter-display {
      font-size: 82px;
      font-weight: 800;
      line-height: 1;
      min-width: 90px;
      text-align: center;
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }

    .info-display {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      flex: 1;
      max-width: 220px;
    }

    .info-card {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      border: 1px solid #edf2f7;
    }

    .info-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .info-val {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .sound-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .example-pic {
      font-size: 22px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    /* Controls bar */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .nav-btn {
      height: 36px;
      padding: 0 14px;
      border-radius: 10px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .nav-btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .play-btn {
      width: 36px;
      height: 36px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      border: none;
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      font-size: 14px;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
    }

    .play-btn:hover {
      opacity: 0.9;
    }

    @media (max-width: 400px) {
      .showcase {
        padding: 12px 14px;
        gap: 10px;
      }
      .letter-display {
        font-size: 68px;
        min-width: 70px;
      }
      .tab-btn {
        height: 38px;
        font-size: 17px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-layout">
    
    <div class="letter-tabs" id="tabContainer"></div>

    
    <div class="showcase" id="showcase">
      <div class="letter-display" id="bigLetter">S</div>
      
      <div class="info-display">
        <div class="info-card">
          <span class="info-label">Name</span>
          <span class="info-val" id="nameText">ess</span>
        </div>
        
        <div class="info-card">
          <span class="info-label">Sound</span>
          <div class="sound-badge">
            <span id="soundText">/s/</span>
            <span class="example-pic" id="emojiText">☀️</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="nav-btn" id="prevBtn">← Prev</button>
      <button class="play-btn" id="playBtn" aria-label="Auto play">⏸</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" id="nextBtn">Next →</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const lettersData = [
      { letter: 'S', name: 'ess', sound: '/s/', word: 'Sun', emoji: '☀️', color: '#ff5c5c' },
      { letter: 'T', name: 'tee', sound: '/t/', word: 'Tree', emoji: '🌳', color: '#ff9800' },
      { letter: 'U', name: 'you', sound: '/u/', word: 'Umbrella', emoji: '☂️', color: '#ffc107' },
      { letter: 'V', name: 'vee', sound: '/v/', word: 'Van', emoji: '🚐', color: '#4caf50' },
      { letter: 'W', name: 'double-u', sound: '/w/', word: 'Water', emoji: '💧', color: '#00bcd4' },
      { letter: 'X', name: 'ex', sound: '/ks/', word: 'Box', emoji: '📦', color: '#2196f3' },
      { letter: 'Y', name: 'wy', sound: '/y/', word: 'Yo-yo', emoji: '🪀', color: '#9c27b0' },
      { letter: 'Z', name: 'zed', sound: '/z/', word: 'Zebra', emoji: '🦓', color: '#e91e63' }
    ];

    let currentIndex = 0;
    let autoPlay = true;
    let timer = null;

    const tabContainer = document.getElementById('tabContainer');
    const bigLetter = document.getElementById('bigLetter');
    const nameText = document.getElementById('nameText');
    const soundText = document.getElementById('soundText');
    const emojiText = document.getElementById('emojiText');
    const showcase = document.getElementById('showcase');
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('playBtn');
    const prevBtn = document.getElementById('prevBtn');
    const nextBtn = document.getElementById('nextBtn');

    // Create tab buttons
    lettersData.forEach((item, index) => {
      const btn = document.createElement('button');
      btn.className = 'tab-btn';
      btn.textContent = item.letter;
      btn.onclick = () => {
        setLetter(index);
        pauseAuto();
      };
      tabContainer.appendChild(btn);
    });

    const tabButtons = tabContainer.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn');

    function setLetter(index) {
      currentIndex = (index + lettersData.length) % lettersData.length;
      const data = lettersData[currentIndex];

      bigLetter.textContent = data.letter;
      bigLetter.style.color = data.color;
      nameText.textContent = data.name;
      soundText.textContent = data.sound;
      emojiText.textContent = data.emoji;

      showcase.style.borderColor = data.color + '44';

      tabButtons.forEach((btn, i) => {
        if (i === currentIndex) {
          btn.classList.add('active');
          btn.style.backgroundColor = data.color;
        } else {
          btn.classList.remove('active');
          btn.style.backgroundColor = '#ffffff';
        }
      });
    }

    function startAuto() {
      if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
      autoPlay = true;
      playBtn.textContent = '⏸';
      timer = setInterval(() => {
        setLetter(currentIndex + 1);
      }, 3000);
    }

    function pauseAuto() {
      if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
      autoPlay = false;
      playBtn.textContent = '▶';
    }

    playBtn.onclick = () => {
      if (autoPlay) {
        pauseAuto();
      } else {
        startAuto();
      }
    };

    prevBtn.onclick = () => {
      setLetter(currentIndex - 1);
      pauseAuto();
    };

    nextBtn.onclick = () => {
      setLetter(currentIndex + 1);
      pauseAuto();
    };

    // Initialise
    setLetter(0);
    startAuto();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

In **Australian English**, each upper-case **grapheme** matches a specific letter name and its common **phoneme** (sound).

Try tracing each letter in the air with your finger as you call out its name!

Recognising Upper-Case Letters S to Z. Name and recognise the upper-case letters S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z.

IXL - Identify Upper-Case Letters: S to Z

BBC Bitesize Primary - Letter Recognition and Alphabet Order

Learning Without Tears - Capital Letter Formation & Visual Discrimination (S-Z)

Pedagogical delivery for Foundation (AC9EFLY11) should combine multisensory learning (e.g., tracing in sand, building letters with wood sticks and curved foam pieces) with systematic visual discrimination. Explicitly teach the contrasting visual attributes of confusing pairs (U/V, V/W, Z/N) before assessing rapid retrieval. Ensure consistent reinforcement of letter names alongside standard Australian pronunciation (notably 'Zed' for Z) while distinguishing letter names from letter sounds.

Recognising Upper-Case Letters S to Z

Letters U and V

Letters W and X