Distinguish the powers of the three branches of government across federal, state, and local levels, and analyze how decisions and laws are made.

Illustrate historical and contemporary methods citizens use to reform laws, combat injustice, and improve democratic society.

Analyze the rights and responsibilities of citizens, the role of volunteerism, and the benefits and challenges of collaborative civic participation.

Understand why the United States chose a constitutional republic, the origins of constitutional ideas, and the structure of the US Constitution.

Analyze the territorial expansion, industrial inventions, transportation innovations, and international conflicts of the young United States.

Examine the roles of economic institutions and analyze historical trade networks and mercantilism in early North America.