Examine river valley settlements, dynasty cycles, philosophical traditions, and cultural achievements of ancient China.

Explore the culture, government, religion, and regional interactions of Ancient Egypt and Nubia/Kush along the Nile River.

Analyze the geography of the Aegean, the rise of the polis, Athenian democracy, Spartan society, and classical Greek culture.

Analyze the Indus Valley civilization, Vedic traditions, development of Hinduism and Buddhism, and the Mauryan and Gupta Empires.

Analyze the geographic factors, technological innovations, legal systems, and empires of ancient Mesopotamia.

Analyze the rise of Rome, the institutions of the Roman Republic, the transition to Empire, Pax Romana, and its enduring legacy.

Examine the philosophical and historical foundations of democracy, constitutional principles, human rights, and active civic participation in local and global communities.