Differentiate strong vs. weak acids and bases, predict products in water-forming acid-base neutralization reactions, define pH, and calculate pH from hydrogen ion concentration.

Analyze how animal body systems interact to maintain homeostasis, absorb nutrients, reproduce, and defend against injury or disease.

Explain the significance of carbon and nitrogen cycles to ecosystem stability and analyze the ecological consequences of cycle disruptions.

Explain how matter is conserved and energy is transferred during photosynthesis and cellular respiration using chemical equations and models.

Form ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, construct nomenclature, draw Lewis structures, and determine molecular geometries.

Name and write chemical formulas, model VSEPR geometries, and evaluate intramolecular and intermolecular properties.

Classify chemical reactions, balance chemical equations, graph energy profiles, and evaluate reaction kinetics.

Balance chemical equations across five primary reaction types, classify aqueous reactions, and solve stoichiometry, limiting reactant, and percent yield problems.