Represent 3D objects with front/top/side orthographic projections, nets, isometric drawings, and plane cross-sections.

Add and subtract signed fractions and decimals, interpret subtraction as adding the opposite, and calculate distance as |p - q|.

Formulate, simplify, expand, and factor linear and polynomial expressions with rational coefficients using properties of operations.

Identify and calculate unknown angles using complementary, supplementary, vertical, and parallel line transversal relationships with algebraic equations.

Solve complex, multi-step real-world problems combining fractions, decimals, signed numbers, exponents, and estimation.

Estimate the value of irrational square roots using rational bounds, place irrationals on number lines, and solve geometric radical problems.

Derive circle area, calculate sector and segment areas, and solve perimeter and area for composite plane figures.

Analyze post-secondary education costs, financing options, and the mathematical relationship between educational attainment and lifetime earnings.

Define pi, calculate circumference and arc length, and analyze chords, tangents, and central and inscribed angles.

Compare two numeric distributions visually and numerically, quantifying center separation as a multiple of variability to draw informal comparative inferences.