Learners will be able to systematically analyse a historical source by examining its origin, content, historical context and purpose using the OCCP framework.

Analyse and evaluate the strengths and differences of various perspectives on civic issues, including those of directly affected groups and the government.

Describe the structure and operation of Australia's court system, including the roles of judges and juries, and explain how the legal system protects citizens' rights and enables citizen action.

Explain the key structural features of Australia's democracy, including the Constitution, federalism, separation of powers, and the role of the head of state.

Describe the religious beliefs, values, daily life, warfare, and funerary customs of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

Develop strategies for civic action, create action plans for community issues, and communicate evidence-based conclusions using appropriate civic vocabulary.

Construct clear historical descriptions, explanations, and evidence-based arguments using appropriate terminology, and present them effectively for a specified audience.

Explain the key rights, guarantees, and responsibilities of consumers and businesses under Australian Consumer Law.

Explain how ancient societies interacted through trade, diplomacy, and conflict, and how these contacts changed the ancient world.

Explain the cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, and artistic significance of water for First Nations Australians and broader Australian society.

Explain how cultural groups, particularly First Nations Australians, connect to and shape places, and evaluate strategies used to enhance liveability for diverse populations.

Explore the evidence for the world's oldest continuing cultures and examine how First Nations Australians adapted to deep-time environmental changes.

Explain the significance of heritage sites and ancestral remains, and analyse how First Nations Australians work to preserve and repatriate their culture.

Explain how Australia's secular democracy has been shaped by diverse cultural and religious traditions, and how shared values support social cohesion in a pluralist society.

Learners will be able to identify, formulate and refine effective historical inquiry questions about deep time Australia and the ancient world that can be investigated using evidence.

Examine the location and distribution of essential services and facilities in Australian communities, comparing access across urban, rural, and remote areas.

Explain how producers, governments, and markets make resource allocation decisions and the opportunity costs and trade-offs those decisions involve.

Explain why scarcity exists and how opportunity cost shapes everyday personal decisions about limited resources.