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Override for the tutor's lesson content generation calls. Auto uses the system default (Claude Sonnet 5 for lesson text, Opus 5 for diagrams).

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System default

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Tutoring abilities

Imagine holding a giant watermelon in one hand and a tiny blueberry in the other!

Which one takes up more space in your hands?

When an object takes up a lot of room, we say it is **big**.

When an object takes up only a little bit of room, we say it is **small**.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .selector {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 16px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      padding: 8px 16px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 20px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #22b7ff;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .stage {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
    }

    .item-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      height: 230px;
      position: relative;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
    }

    .item-card.big-card {
      border-color: #38bdf8;
      background: #f0f9ff;
    }

    .item-card.small-card {
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
    }

    .view-area {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      position: relative;
    }

    .grid-box {
      border: 2px dashed #94a3b8;
      border-radius: 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
    }

    .grid-box.big {
      width: 120px;
      height: 120px;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      background: rgba(186, 230, 253, 0.35);
    }

    .grid-box.small {
      width: 56px;
      height: 56px;
      border-color: #94a3b8;
      background: rgba(241, 245, 249, 0.8);
    }

    .emoji-display {
      line-height: 1;
      transition: font-size 0.3s ease;
    }

    .big .emoji-display {
      font-size: 80px;
    }

    .small .emoji-display {
      font-size: 34px;
    }

    .tag {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 6px 16px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .tag-big {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .tag-small {
      background: #64748b;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .room-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 4px;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .overlay-btn-wrap {
      margin-top: 14px;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .toggle-grid-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 14px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .toggle-grid-btn.active {
      background: #0f172a;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0f172a;
    }

    .show-space .grid-box {
      box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.2);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="selector">
    <button class="tab-btn active" onclick="setPair(0)">🧸 Teddies</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setPair(1)">⚽ Balls</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setPair(2)">🚗 Cars</button>
  </div>

  <div class="stage" id="stage">
    
    <div class="item-card big-card">
      <div class="tag tag-big">Big</div>
      <div class="view-area">
        <div class="grid-box big">
          <span class="emoji-display" id="bigEmoji">🧸</span>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="room-label">More Room</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="item-card small-card">
      <div class="tag tag-small">Small</div>
      <div class="view-area">
        <div class="grid-box small">
          <span class="emoji-display" id="smallEmoji">🧸</span>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="room-label">Less Room</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="overlay-btn-wrap">
    <button class="toggle-grid-btn" id="spaceBtn" onclick="toggleSpace()">
      <span>⛶</span> Space Taken
    </button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const pairs = [
      { emoji: '🧸', name: 'Teddies' },
      { emoji: '⚽', name: 'Balls' },
      { emoji: '🚗', name: 'Cars' }
    ];

    let currentIdx = 0;
    let spaceVisible = false;

    function setPair(idx) {
      currentIdx = idx;
      const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn');
      btns.forEach((b, i) => b.classList.toggle('active', i === idx));

      const bigEl = document.getElementById('bigEmoji');
      const smallEl = document.getElementById('smallEmoji');

      bigEl.textContent = pairs[idx].emoji;
      smallEl.textContent = pairs[idx].emoji;
    }

    function toggleSpace() {
      spaceVisible = !spaceVisible;
      const btn = document.getElementById('spaceBtn');
      const boxes = document.querySelectorAll('.grid-box');
      
      btn.classList.toggle('active', spaceVisible);
      boxes.forEach(box => {
        if (spaceVisible) {
          box.style.borderStyle = 'solid';
          box.style.borderWidth = '3px';
        } else {
          box.style.borderStyle = 'dashed';
          box.style.borderWidth = '2px';
        }
      });
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

How can we be completely sure which toy is larger when we look at them?

To compare two objects, put them right next to each other on a flat surface.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Comparing Sizes: Big and Small</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    /* Top Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 420px;
    }

    .btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 20px;
      border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #4b5563;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #22b7ff;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.35);
    }

    /* Stage Area */
    .stage {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      height: 250px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: flex-end;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-top: 10px;
    }

    /* Baseline / Flat Surface */
    .surface {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 24px;
      left: 5%;
      width: 90%;
      height: 8px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 4px;
      border-bottom: 2px solid #cbd5e1;
    }

    .surface-label {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 4px;
      width: 100%;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #94a3b8;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    /* Objects Area */
    .item-group {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 32px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.8, 0.2, 1), opacity 0.3s ease;
    }

    /* Big Teddy Bear */
    .bear-group {
      left: 18%;
    }

    .bear-box {
      width: 120px;
      height: 140px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px dashed rgba(34, 183, 255, 0);
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0);
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      position: relative;
    }

    .bear-icon {
      font-size: 96px;
      line-height: 1;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 6px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08));
    }

    /* Small Car */
    .car-group {
      right: 22%;
    }

    .car-box {
      width: 60px;
      height: 50px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 2px dashed rgba(245, 158, 11, 0);
      background: rgba(245, 158, 11, 0);
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      position: relative;
    }

    .car-icon {
      font-size: 40px;
      line-height: 1;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08));
    }

    /* Labels */
    .tag {
      margin-top: 6px;
      padding: 3px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border-radius: 12px;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .tag-big {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .tag-small {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #b45309;
    }

    /* Space Mode Highlight */
    .mode-space .bear-box {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.12);
    }

    .mode-space .car-box {
      border-color: #f59e0b;
      background: rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.15);
    }

    /* Overlay Mode */
    .mode-overlay .bear-group {
      transform: translateX(45%);
    }

    .mode-overlay .car-group {
      transform: translateX(-120%);
      z-index: 10;
    }

    .mode-overlay .car-box {
      border-color: #f59e0b;
      background: rgba(245, 158, 11, 0.25);
    }

    .mode-overlay .bear-box {
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.08);
    }

    /* Height Reference Line */
    .height-guide {
      position: absolute;
      top: 24px;
      left: 10%;
      right: 10%;
      height: 1px;
      border-top: 1.5px dotted #94a3b8;
      opacity: 0;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .mode-space .height-guide,
    .mode-overlay .height-guide {
      opacity: 1;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn active" id="btn-side" onclick="setMode('side')">Side by Side</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-space" onclick="setMode('space')">Space Taken</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-overlay" onclick="setMode('overlay')">Overlay</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="stage" id="stage">
    <div class="height-guide"></div>

    
    <div class="item-group bear-group">
      <div class="bear-box">
        <span class="bear-icon">🧸</span>
      </div>
      <div class="tag tag-big">BIG</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="item-group car-group">
      <div class="car-box">
        <span class="car-icon">🚗</span>
      </div>
      <div class="tag tag-small">SMALL</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="surface"></div>
    <div class="surface-label">Flat Surface</div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setMode(mode) {
      const stage = document.getElementById('stage');
      const btnSide = document.getElementById('btn-side');
      const btnSpace = document.getElementById('btn-space');
      const btnOverlay = document.getElementById('btn-overlay');

      stage.classList.remove('mode-space', 'mode-overlay');
      btnSide.classList.remove('active');
      btnSpace.classList.remove('active');
      btnOverlay.classList.remove('active');

      if (mode === 'space') {
        stage.classList.add('mode-space');
        btnSpace.classList.add('active');
      } else if (mode === 'overlay') {
        stage.classList.add('mode-overlay');
        btnOverlay.classList.add('active');
      } else {
        btnSide.classList.add('active');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

The teddy bear takes up much more space than the toy car, so the bear is **big** and the car is **small**.

What should we do if we have a whole pile of mixed-up objects to organize?

We can sort a group of items into two categories: a box for **big** items and a box for **small** items.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Comparing Sizes: Big and Small</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background-color: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    /* Items waiting to be sorted */
    .items-dock {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 500px;
      min-height: 70px;
      padding: 6px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 1px dashed #d1d5db;
    }

    .item-card {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 60px;
      height: 60px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 10px;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
      transition: background-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s, opacity 0.2s;
    }

    .item-card.selected {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #0284c7;
    }

    .item-card.sorted {
      display: none;
    }

    .item-emoji {
      line-height: 1;
    }
    .emoji-big { font-size: 34px; }
    .emoji-small { font-size: 18px; }

    /* Target Boxes */
    .boxes-container {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 500px;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }

    .sort-box {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 16px;
      padding: 12px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      cursor: pointer;
      min-height: 160px;
      transition: background-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
    }

    .sort-box.highlight {
      border-color: #0284c7;
      background-color: #f0f9ff;
    }

    .box-title {
      font-weight: 700;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .box-big .box-title {
      font-size: 20px;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .box-small .box-title {
      font-size: 15px;
      color: #0f766e;
    }

    .box-contents {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      align-content: flex-start;
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }

    .placed-item {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 4px;
    }

    .placed-big {
      font-size: 32px;
      width: 44px;
      height: 44px;
    }

    .placed-small {
      font-size: 18px;
      width: 32px;
      height: 32px;
    }

    /* Footer controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      height: 36px;
    }

    .status-text {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
    }

    .btn-reset {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: none;
    }

    .btn-reset:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="items-dock" id="itemDock">
    <div class="item-card" data-id="1" data-size="big"><span class="item-emoji emoji-big">🐘</span></div>
    <div class="item-card" data-id="2" data-size="small"><span class="item-emoji emoji-small">🐜</span></div>
    <div class="item-card" data-id="3" data-size="big"><span class="item-emoji emoji-big">🚌</span></div>
    <div class="item-card" data-id="4" data-size="small"><span class="item-emoji emoji-small">🍓</span></div>
    <div class="item-card" data-id="5" data-size="big"><span class="item-emoji emoji-big">🐋</span></div>
    <div class="item-card" data-id="6" data-size="small"><span class="item-emoji emoji-small">🐝</span></div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="boxes-container">
    <div class="sort-box box-big" id="boxBig" data-target="big">
      <div class="box-title">📦 Big</div>
      <div class="box-contents" id="contentsBig"></div>
    </div>

    <div class="sort-box box-small" id="boxSmall" data-target="small">
      <div class="box-title">📦 Small</div>
      <div class="box-contents" id="contentsSmall"></div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <div class="status-text" id="statusMsg">Tap an item to sort</div>
    <button class="btn-reset" id="resetBtn" onclick="resetAll()">Reset ↺</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    let selectedItem = null;
    let sortedCount = 0;
    const totalItems = 6;

    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.item-card');
    const boxBig = document.getElementById('boxBig');
    const boxSmall = document.getElementById('boxSmall');
    const statusMsg = document.getElementById('statusMsg');
    const resetBtn = document.getElementById('resetBtn');

    // Auto-select first item on start
    selectItem(cards[0]);

    cards.forEach(card => {
      card.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
        e.stopPropagation();
        selectItem(card);
      });
    });

    [boxBig, boxSmall].forEach(box => {
      box.addEventListener('click', () => {
        if (!selectedItem) return;
        const targetSize = box.dataset.target;
        const itemSize = selectedItem.dataset.size;

        if (targetSize === itemSize) {
          // Correct placement
          placeItem(selectedItem, targetSize);
        } else {
          // Visual feedback on mismatch
          box.style.borderColor = '#fca5a5';
          box.style.backgroundColor = '#fef2f2';
          setTimeout(() => {
            box.style.borderColor = '';
            box.style.backgroundColor = '';
          }, 350);
        }
      });
    });

    function selectItem(card) {
      if (card.classList.contains('sorted')) return;
      if (selectedItem) selectedItem.classList.remove('selected');
      selectedItem = card;
      selectedItem.classList.add('selected');
      statusMsg.textContent = 'Tap matching box';
    }

    function placeItem(card, size) {
      const emoji = card.querySelector('.item-emoji').textContent;
      const targetContainer = size === 'big' ? document.getElementById('contentsBig') : document.getElementById('contentsSmall');
      
      const placed = document.createElement('div');
      placed.className = `placed-item ${size === 'big' ? 'placed-big' : 'placed-small'}`;
      placed.textContent = emoji;
      targetContainer.appendChild(placed);

      card.classList.remove('selected');
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      document.getElementById('contentsSmall').innerHTML = '';
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      resetBtn.style.display = 'none';
      selectItem(cards[0]);
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</body>
</html>

Look around your room right now — what is the biggest object you can spot, and what is the smallest?

math

Comparing Sizes: Big and Small. Identify and sort objects as big or small by direct visual comparison.

Early Level Maths and Numeracy: Exploring Size and Measuring

Compare Size, Weight, and Capacity (Early Level / Primary 1)

Early Years Foundation & Primary Measures: Comparing Size

Effective early pedagogy for CfE MNU 0-01a relies on the Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract (CPA) model. Begin with concrete, multi-sensory physical objects (real fruit, nesting cups, soft toys) before moving to 2D pictorial flashcards. Encourage dialogic math talk using structured sentence stems (e.g., 'The [object A] is big because...'). Keep initial comparisons stark with obvious size differences before introducing subtle variations.

Comparing Sizes: Big and Small

Big and Small

Comparing Side by Side

Sorting by Size