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Tutoring abilities

Imagine you want to set up a lemonade stand on a sunny day to sell drinks to your neighbors.

Before you can pour your very first cup, you have to buy the things to make it.

The parts and supplies you use to build or make something are called **materials**.

Each material has its own price, and buying them takes money out of your pocket.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .main-grid {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 14px;
    }

    .items-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .item-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 6px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      border: 2px solid transparent;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.25s ease, opacity 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;
    }

    .item-card.active {
      border-color: #10b981;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(16, 185, 129, 0.15);
    }

    .item-card.inactive {
      opacity: 0.45;
      border-color: #e5e7eb;
    }

    .item-emoji {
      font-size: 32px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
      display: block;
    }

    .item-name {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .item-price {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #10b981;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .math-bar {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 14px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .equation-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .num-tag {
      padding: 4px 10px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 8px;
      color: #64748b;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .num-tag.active {
      background: #ecfdf5;
      color: #047857;
      border: 1px solid #10b981;
    }

    .symbol {
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 18px;
    }

    .total-box {
      background: #10b981;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 16px;
    }

    .progress-track {
      width: 100%;
      height: 8px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 999px;
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
    }

    .progress-segment {
      height: 100%;
      transition: width 0.3s ease;
    }

    .seg-1 { background: #f59e0b; }
    .seg-2 { background: #3b82f6; }
    .seg-3 { background: #10b981; }

    .nav-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .step-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #374151;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .step-btn:hover {
      background: #f3f4f6;
    }

    .step-btn.primary {
      background: #10b981;
      border-color: #10b981;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .step-btn.primary:hover {
      background: #059669;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-grid">
    <div class="items-row">
      <div class="item-card active" id="card-0" onclick="toggleItem(0)">
        <span class="item-emoji">🍋</span>
        <div class="item-name">Lemons</div>
        <div class="item-price">£2.00</div>
      </div>
      <div class="item-card active" id="card-1" onclick="toggleItem(1)">
        <span class="item-emoji">🧊</span>
        <div class="item-name">Sugar</div>
        <div class="item-price">£1.00</div>
      </div>
      <div class="item-card active" id="card-2" onclick="toggleItem(2)">
        <span class="item-emoji">🥤</span>
        <div class="item-name">Cups</div>
        <div class="item-price">£0.50</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="math-bar">
      <div class="equation-row">
        <span class="num-tag active" id="tag-0">£2.00</span>
        <span class="symbol">+</span>
        <span class="num-tag active" id="tag-1">£1.00</span>
        <span class="symbol">+</span>
        <span class="num-tag active" id="tag-2">£0.50</span>
        <span class="symbol">=</span>
      </div>

      <div class="progress-track">
        <div class="progress-segment seg-1" id="bar-0" style="width: 57.14%;"></div>
        <div class="progress-segment seg-2" id="bar-1" style="width: 28.57%;"></div>
        <div class="progress-segment seg-3" id="bar-2" style="width: 14.29%;"></div>
      </div>

      <div class="total-box">
        <span>Total Cost</span>
        <span id="total-val">£3.50</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="nav-row">
      <button class="step-btn" onclick="setStep(1)">1 Item</button>
      <button class="step-btn" onclick="setStep(2)">2 Items</button>
      <button class="step-btn primary" onclick="setStep(3)">All Items</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const items = [
      { price: 2.00, weight: 57.14 },
      { price: 1.00, weight: 28.57 },
      { price: 0.50, weight: 14.29 }
    ];

    const state = [true, true, true];

    function updateView() {
      let total = 0;
      items.forEach((item, i) => {
        const card = document.getElementById('card-' + i);
        const tag = document.getElementById('tag-' + i);
        const bar = document.getElementById('bar-' + i);

        if (state[i]) {
          card.className = 'item-card active';
          tag.className = 'num-tag active';
          bar.style.width = item.weight + '%';
          total += item.price;
        } else {
          card.className = 'item-card inactive';
          tag.className = 'num-tag';
          bar.style.width = '0%';
        }
      });

      document.getElementById('total-val').textContent = '£' + total.toFixed(2);
    }

    function toggleItem(index) {
      state[index] = !state[index];
      updateView();
    }

    function setStep(count) {
      state[0] = count >= 1;
      state[1] = count >= 2;
      state[2] = count >= 3;
      updateView();
    }

    updateView();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

How do we find the whole amount of money we need to make our lemonade?

To find the **total cost**, we put together and add the price of every single material.

At Early Level (P1), addition of costs is mastered through **concrete representation** using physical objects.

You can match each penny ($1\text{p}$) to a physical counter or coin, place them into a combined set, and count the whole group ($1, 2, 3\dots$) to find the total.

Let's count our dollars step by step: $\$2$ for lemons plus $\$1$ for sugar makes $\$3$, and adding $\$1$ for the cup gives $\$4$.

At Early Level (P1), addition of costs is mastered through **concrete representation**.

You match each penny ($1\text{p}$) to a physical counter or coin, place them into a combined set, and count the whole group ($1, 2, 3\dots$).

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
<style>
  * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
  body {
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    background: #f8f9fa;
    color: #1e2945;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    min-height: 100%;
    padding: 12px;
    user-select: none;
  }

  .main-container {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 480px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
    margin: auto 0;
  }

  .items-row {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 8px;
    width: 100%;
  }

  .item-card {
    background: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 12px;
    padding: 10px 6px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    border: 2px solid transparent;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
    opacity: 0.45;
  }

  .item-card.active {
    opacity: 1;
    border-color: #3b82f6;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(59,130,246,0.15);
  }

  .item-card.included {
    opacity: 1;
  }

  .item-icon {
    font-size: 28px;
    line-height: 1;
  }

  .item-name {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #4b5563;
  }

  .item-cost {
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #10b981;
    background: #ecfdf5;
    padding: 2px 8px;
    border-radius: 8px;
  }

  .calc-card {
    background: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 12px;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 10px;
  }

  .math-row {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 8px;
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 700;
  }

  .math-num {
    padding: 4px 10px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    background: #f1f5f9;
    color: #94a3b8;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
  }

  .math-num.active {
    background: #dbeafe;
    color: #1d4ed8;
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #3b82f6;
  }

  .math-num.included {
    background: #ecfdf5;
    color: #047857;
  }

  .math-op {
    color: #94a3b8;
    font-size: 18px;
  }

  .total-badge {
    padding: 4px 14px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    background: #10b981;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-size: 22px;
    font-weight: 800;
    min-width: 54px;
    text-align: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s ease;
  }

  .bar-container {
    width: 100%;
    height: 18px;
    background: #f1f5f9;
    border-radius: 9px;
    display: flex;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 2px;
    gap: 2px;
  }

  .bar-segment {
    height: 100%;
    border-radius: 6px;
    transition: width 0.4s ease, opacity 0.3s ease;
    opacity: 0.15;
  }

  .bar-lemons {
    background: #eab308;
    width: 50%; /* 2 of 4 */
  }

  .bar-sugar {
    background: #3b82f6;
    width: 25%; /* 1 of 4 */
  }

  .bar-cup {
    background: #10b981;
    width: 25%; /* 1 of 4 */
  }

  .bar-segment.filled {
    opacity: 1;
  }

  .controls {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 8px;
    margin-top: 4px;
  }

  .step-btn {
    border: none;
    background: #e2e8f0;
    color: #334155;
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 600;
    padding: 6px 14px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: all 0.2s ease;
  }

  .step-btn:hover {
    background: #cbd5e1;
  }

  .step-btn.active {
    background: #3b82f6;
    color: #ffffff;
  }

  .play-toggle {
    border: none;
    background: #ffffff;
    color: #4b5563;
    width: 32px;
    height: 32px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 13px;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  }
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="main-container">
  <div class="items-row">
    <div class="item-card" id="card-0">
      <div class="item-icon">🍋</div>
      <div class="item-name">Lemons</div>
      <div class="item-cost">$2</div>
    </div>
    <div class="item-card" id="card-1">
      <div class="item-icon">🍬</div>
      <div class="item-name">Sugar</div>
      <div class="item-cost">$1</div>
    </div>
    <div class="item-card" id="card-2">
      <div class="item-icon">🥤</div>
      <div class="item-name">Cup</div>
      <div class="item-cost">$1</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="calc-card">
    <div class="math-row">
      <span class="math-num" id="math-0">$2</span>
      <span class="math-op">+</span>
      <span class="math-num" id="math-1">$1</span>
      <span class="math-op">+</span>
      <span class="math-num" id="math-2">$1</span>
      <span class="math-op">=</span>
      <span class="total-badge" id="math-total">$2</span>
    </div>

    <div class="bar-container">
      <div class="bar-segment bar-lemons" id="bar-0"></div>
      <div class="bar-segment bar-sugar" id="bar-1"></div>
      <div class="bar-segment bar-cup" id="bar-2"></div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-0">Step 1</button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-1">Step 2</button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-2">Step 3</button>
    <button class="play-toggle" id="playBtn" title="Auto play">⏸</button>
  </div>
</div>

<script>
  const steps = [
    { total: '$2', included: [0], current: 0 },
    { total: '$3', included: [0, 1], current: 1 },
    { total: '$4', included: [0, 1, 2], current: 2 }
  ];

  let currentStep = 0;
  let timer = null;
  let isPlaying = true;

  function render(stepIdx) {
    currentStep = stepIdx;
    const data = steps[stepIdx];

    document.getElementById('math-total').textContent = data.total;

    for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
      const card = document.getElementById(`card-${i}`);
      const num = document.getElementById(`math-${i}`);
      const bar = document.getElementById(`bar-${i}`);
      const btn = document.getElementById(`btn-${i}`);

      const isInc = data.included.includes(i);
      const isCur = data.current === i;

      card.className = 'item-card' + (isCur ? ' active' : (isInc ? ' included' : ''));
      num.className = 'math-num' + (isCur ? ' active' : (isInc ? ' included' : ''));
      bar.className = 'bar-segment ' + (i === 0 ? 'bar-lemons' : i === 1 ? 'bar-sugar' : 'bar-cup') + (isInc ? ' filled' : '');
      btn.className = 'step-btn' + (isCur ? ' active' : '');
    }
  }

  function nextStep() {
    render((currentStep + 1) % steps.length);
  }

  function startTimer() {
    stopTimer();
    timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
    isPlaying = true;
    document.getElementById('playBtn').textContent = '⏸';
  }

  function stopTimer() {
    if (timer) clearInterval(timer);
    timer = null;
    isPlaying = false;
    document.getElementById('playBtn').textContent = '▶';
  }

  for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    document.getElementById(`btn-${i}`).addEventListener('click', () => {
      stopTimer();
      render(i);
    });
    document.getElementById(`card-${i}`).addEventListener('click', () => {
      stopTimer();
      render(i);
    });
  }

  document.getElementById('playBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
    if (isPlaying) {
      stopTimer();
    } else {
      nextStep();
      startTimer();
    }
  });

  render(0);
  startTimer();
</script>

</body>
</html>

Some makers forget to count small items like the paper cups or napkins, which makes them guess the wrong cost.

Always include every single supply you use, because every little piece costs real money!

What happens if we make a completely different item, like a fancy craft bookmark?

Suppose you make a superhero bookmark using colored card paper for $\$1$, glitter stickers for $\$3$, and a shiny ribbon for $\$1$.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Calculating Total Production Cost</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
    }
    :root {
      --purple: #8b5cf6;
      --purple-light: #ede9fe;
      --gold: #f59e0b;
      --gold-light: #fef3c7;
      --text: #1e2945;
      --muted: #6b7280;
      --bg: #f8f9fa;
      --border: #e5e7eb;
    }
    body {
      background: var(--bg);
      color: var(--text);
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .diagram-content {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .materials-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    .material-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid var(--border);
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease, background-color 0.3s ease;
    }
    .material-card.active {
      border-color: var(--purple);
      background-color: #faf5ff;
    }
    .icon {
      font-size: 28px;
      line-height: 1;
    }
    .name {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: var(--muted);
    }
    .price-tag {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: var(--text);
      background: var(--bg);
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }
    .material-card.active .price-tag {
      background: var(--purple-light);
      color: var(--purple);
    }
    .visual-calc {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid var(--border);
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 14px 16px;
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-around;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }
    .calc-part {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 2px;
      opacity: 0.35;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }
    .calc-part.visible {
      opacity: 1;
    }
    .calc-part .val {
      font-size: 22px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }
    .calc-part .lbl {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: var(--muted);
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    .op {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: var(--muted);
    }
    .total-box {
      background: var(--gold-light);
      border: 2px solid var(--gold);
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      min-width: 80px;
    }
    .total-val {
      font-size: 24px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #b45309;
    }
    .total-lbl {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #92400e;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .step-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid var(--border);
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: var(--text);
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .step-btn:hover {
      border-color: var(--purple);
    }
    .dots {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      margin: 0 4px;
    }
    .dot {
      width: 10px;
      height: 10px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: var(--border);
      cursor: pointer;
      border: none;
      transition: background 0.3s ease;
    }
    .dot.active {
      background: var(--purple);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-content">
    
    <div class="materials-grid">
      <div class="material-card active" id="card-0" onclick="setStep(0)">
        <div class="icon">📄</div>
        <div class="name">Card Paper</div>
        <div class="price-tag">$1</div>
      </div>
      <div class="material-card" id="card-1" onclick="setStep(1)">
        <div class="icon">✨</div>
        <div class="name">Stickers</div>
        <div class="price-tag">$3</div>
      </div>
      <div class="material-card" id="card-2" onclick="setStep(2)">
        <div class="icon">🎀</div>
        <div class="name">Ribbon</div>
        <div class="price-tag">$1</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="visual-calc">
      <div class="calc-part visible" id="part-0">
        <span class="val">$1</span>
        <span class="lbl">Paper</span>
      </div>
      <span class="op">+</span>
      <div class="calc-part" id="part-1">
        <span class="val">$3</span>
        <span class="lbl">Stickers</span>
      </div>
      <span class="op">+</span>
      <div class="calc-part" id="part-2">
        <span class="val">$1</span>
        <span class="lbl">Ribbon</span>
      </div>
      <span class="op">=</span>
      <div class="total-box">
        <span class="total-val" id="total-text">$1</span>
        <span class="total-lbl">Total</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="step-btn" onclick="prevStep()">◀</button>
      <div class="dots">
        <button class="dot active" onclick="setStep(0)" aria-label="Step 1"></button>
        <button class="dot" onclick="setStep(1)" aria-label="Step 2"></button>
        <button class="dot" onclick="setStep(2)" aria-label="Step 3"></button>
      </div>
      <button class="step-btn" onclick="nextStep()">▶</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const costs = [1, 3, 1];
    const totals = ['$1', '$4', '$5'];
    let currentStep = 0;

    function updateView() {
      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        const card = document.getElementById(`card-${i}`);
        const part = document.getElementById(`part-${i}`);
        const dot = document.querySelectorAll('.dot')[i];

        if (i <= currentStep) {
          card.classList.add('active');
          part.classList.add('visible');
        } else {
          card.classList.remove('active');
          part.classList.remove('visible');
        }

        if (i === currentStep) {
          dot.classList.add('active');
        } else {
          dot.classList.remove('active');
        }
      }
      document.getElementById('total-text').textContent = totals[currentStep];
    }

    function setStep(idx) {
      currentStep = idx;
      updateView();
    }

    function nextStep() {
      currentStep = (currentStep + 1) % 3;
      updateView();
    }

    function prevStep() {
      currentStep = (currentStep - 1 + 3) % 3;
      updateView();
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

When you add $\$1 + \$3 + \$1$, your **total cost** to make one bookmark is $\$5$.

Now you can check any craft or project by listing each supply and adding all the prices together!

math

Calculating Total Production Costs Including Materials. Add together individual material and supply costs to determine the total manufacturing cost of goods.

Early Level Maths & Numeracy: Using Money and Combining Costs

Early Years & Primary Problem Solving: Money and Combining Sets

Curriculum for Excellence: Early Level Enterprise and Financial Education

At Early Level (P1, Scottish CfE), financial enterprise concepts must be anchored strictly in concrete, tactile experiences. Teachers should use real or play $1\text{p}$ coins, ten frames, and real craft materials (paper, stickers, beads) to model addition within $10\text{p}$. The focus is on the foundational understanding that a finished item is the sum of its individual parts.

Calculating Total Production Costs Including Materials

What Are Materials?

Adding Material Costs