<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="1:1">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .panel {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      position: relative;
    }
    .panel.open {
      border-color: #fca5a5;
      background: #fff8f8;
    }
    .panel.closed {
      border-color: #86efac;
      background: #f6fdf8;
    }
    .badge {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      text-align: center;
      letter-spacing: 0.2px;
    }
    .badge-open {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #b91c1c;
      border: 1px solid #f87171;
    }
    .badge-closed {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      border: 1px solid #4ade80;
    }
    .track-svg {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 380px;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .rail-base {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #cbd5e1;
      stroke-width: 18;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .rail-ties {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 18;
      stroke-dasharray: 2 10;
      stroke-linecap: butt;
    }
    .rail-inner {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #64748b;
      stroke-width: 2;
    }
    .gate-post {
      fill: #475569;
    }
    .gate-arm-open {
      stroke: #ef4444;
      stroke-width: 6;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .gate-arm-closed {
      stroke: #22c55e;
      stroke-width: 6;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .status-icon {
      position: absolute;
      top: 10px;
      right: 14px;
      font-size: 20px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="panel open">
    <span class="status-icon">⚪</span>
    <svg class="track-svg" viewBox="0 0 340 130" aria-label="Open track circuit diagram">
      <defs>
        
        <path id="openTrackPath" d="M 60 20 H 180" />
        <path id="openRestOfLoop" d="M 260 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 Z" />
      </defs>

      
      <path d="M 260 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 H 180" class="rail-base" />
      <path d="M 260 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 H 180" class="rail-ties" />

      
      
      <circle cx="180" cy="20" r="5" class="gate-post" />
      <line x1="180" y1="20" x2="230" y2="-12" class="gate-arm-open" />
      <circle cx="260" cy="20" r="5" class="gate-post" />

      
      <path d="M 200 20 L 240 20" stroke="#fca5a5" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4" />
      <text x="220" y="38" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#ef4444">GAP</text>

      
      <g transform="translate(145, 20)">
        
        <rect x="-20" y="-12" width="28" height="24" rx="4" fill="#3b82f6" />
        <rect x="8" y="-9" width="10" height="18" rx="3" fill="#1d4ed8" />
        <rect x="-14" y="-8" width="8" height="16" rx="2" fill="#93c5fd" />
        <circle cx="-10" cy="-12" r="3" fill="#1e293b" />
        <circle cx="6" cy="-12" r="3" fill="#1e293b" />
        <circle cx="-10" cy="12" r="3" fill="#1e293b" />
        <circle cx="6" cy="12" r="3" fill="#1e293b" />
        
        <g transform="translate(18, -16)">
          <polygon points="0,-7 5,-3 5,3 0,7 -5,3 -5,-3" fill="#dc2626" />
          <text x="0" y="3" text-anchor="middle" font-size="7" font-weight="900" fill="#fff">STOP</text>
        </g>
      </g>
    </svg>
    <div class="badge badge-open">Open Switch = Broken Path = OFF</div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="panel closed">
    <span class="status-icon">💡</span>
    <svg class="track-svg" viewBox="0 0 340 130" aria-label="Closed track circuit diagram">
      <defs>
        
        <path id="closedLoop" d="M 60 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 Z" />
      </defs>

      
      <path d="M 60 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 Z" class="rail-base" />
      <path d="M 60 20 H 280 A 45 45 0 0 1 325 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 280 110 H 60 A 45 45 0 0 1 15 65 A 45 45 0 0 1 60 20 Z" class="rail-ties" />

      
      <circle cx="180" cy="20" r="5" class="gate-post" />
      <line x1="180" y1="20" x2="260" y2="20" class="gate-arm-closed" />
      <circle cx="260" cy="20" r="5" class="gate-post" />

      
      <g>
        <rect x="-18" y="-11" width="28" height="22" rx="4" fill="#10b981" />
        <rect x="10" y="-8" width="8" height="16" rx="3" fill="#047857" />
        <rect x="-12" y="-7" width="8" height="14" rx="2" fill="#a7f3d0" />
        <circle cx="-8" cy="-11" r="2.5" fill="#064e3b" />
        <circle cx="6" cy="-11" r="2.5" fill="#064e3b" />
        <circle cx="-8" cy="11" r="2.5" fill="#064e3b" />
        <circle cx="6" cy="11" r="2.5" fill="#064e3b" />
        <animateMotion dur="4.5s" repeatCount="indefinite" rotate="auto">
          <mpath href="#closedLoop" />
        </animateMotion>
      </g>
    </svg>
    <div class="badge badge-closed">Closed Switch = Complete Loop = ON</div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

How a Switch Opens and Closes a Circuit

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background-color: #f8fafc;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      overflow: hidden;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .svg-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      height: auto;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 8px;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    /* Animated current dots flowing clockwise */
    .current-flow {
      stroke-dasharray: 10 40;
      animation: flowClockwise 2.5s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes flowClockwise {
      from {
        stroke-dashoffset: 0;
      }
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: -50;
      }
    }

    /* Glow pulse on bulb */
    .bulb-glow {
      animation: pulseGlow 2.5s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
    }

    @keyframes pulseGlow {
      0% {
        opacity: 0.65;
        transform: scale(0.97);
      }
      100% {
        opacity: 0.95;
        transform: scale(1.03);
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="svg-wrapper">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 540 400" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
      <defs>
        
        <radialGradient id="bulbAura" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fde047" stop-opacity="0.75" />
          <stop offset="50%" stop-color="#facc15" stop-opacity="0.3" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#fef08a" stop-opacity="0" />
        </radialGradient>

        
        <filter id="glow" x="-20%" y="-20%" width="140%" height="140%">
          <feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="2.5" result="blur" />
          <feComposite in="SourceGraphic" in2="blur" operator="over" />
        </filter>

        
        <linearGradient id="batteryCap" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f59e0b" />
          <stop offset="50%" stop-color="#fbbf24" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#d97706" />
        </linearGradient>

        
        <linearGradient id="batteryBody" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#334155" />
          <stop offset="40%" stop-color="#475569" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#1e293b" />
        </linearGradient>
      </defs>

      
      <path id="circuit-wire"
        d="M 120 100 H 420 Q 430 100 430 110 V 290 Q 430 300 420 300 H 120 Q 110 300 110 290 V 110 Q 110 100 120 100 Z"
        stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

      
      <path
        d="M 120 100 H 420 Q 430 100 430 110 V 290 Q 430 300 420 300 H 120 Q 110 300 110 290 V 110 Q 110 100 120 100 Z"
        stroke="#facc15" stroke-width="6" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"
        class="current-flow" filter="url(#glow)" />

      
      
      <path d="M 265 96 L 275 100 L 265 104" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
      
      <path d="M 275 296 L 265 300 L 275 304" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/>

      
      <g transform="translate(110, 200)">
        
        <rect x="-8" y="-72" width="16" height="10" rx="3" fill="#cbd5e1" />
        
        <rect x="-24" y="-62" width="48" height="28" rx="4" fill="url(#batteryCap)" />
        
        <rect x="-24" y="-34" width="48" height="88" rx="4" fill="url(#batteryBody)" />
        
        <rect x="-20" y="54" width="40" height="6" rx="2" fill="#94a3b8" />
        
        
        <text x="0" y="-40" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="16" font-weight="bold">+</text>
        <text x="0" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="16" font-weight="bold">−</text>
        <text x="0" y="5" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="12" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="1">1.5V</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(430, 200)">
        
        <circle cx="0" cy="-14" r="58" fill="url(#bulbAura)" class="bulb-glow" style="transform-origin: 430px 186px;" />

        
        <path d="M -42 -48 L -32 -38 M 0 -68 L 0 -54 M 42 -48 L 32 -38 M 52 -14 L 38 -14 M -52 -14 L -38 -14"
              stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" opacity="0.85" />

        
        <path d="M -22 8 C -34 -6 -32 -38 0 -44 C 32 -38 34 -6 22 8 Z"
              fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="3" />

        
        <path d="M -8 10 L -6 -16 L 0 -22 L 6 -16 L 8 10"
              stroke="#ca8a04" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />
        
        
        <rect x="-14" y="8" width="28" height="18" rx="3" fill="#94a3b8" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2" />
        <line x1="-12" y1="14" x2="12" y2="14" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2" />
        <line x1="-12" y1="20" x2="12" y2="20" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2" />
        
        <path d="M -8 26 Q 0 32 8 26 Z" fill="#475569" />
      </g>

      
      
      <g transform="translate(110, 335)">
        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0f172a" font-size="14" font-weight="700">Battery</text>
        <text x="0" y="16" text-anchor="middle" fill="#64748b" font-size="12" font-weight="500">(Power source)</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(430, 335)">
        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0f172a" font-size="14" font-weight="700">Bulb</text>
        <text x="0" y="16" text-anchor="middle" fill="#64748b" font-size="12" font-weight="500">(Light)</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(270, 68)">
        <rect x="-64" y="-18" width="128" height="26" rx="13" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#bae6fd" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <text x="0" y="-1" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0369a1" font-size="12" font-weight="700">Connecting wire</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(270, 200)">
        <rect x="-70" y="-18" width="140" height="36" rx="18" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#fef08a" stroke-width="2" />
        <circle cx="-50" cy="0" r="5" fill="#eab308" filter="url(#glow)" />
        <text x="10" y="4" text-anchor="middle" fill="#854d0e" font-size="13" font-weight="700">Electric current</text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Open vs Closed Switch</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100vh;
    }
    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(260px, 1fr));
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
    }
    .panel {
      background: transparent;
      padding: 4px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      position: relative;
    }
    .title-badge {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 5px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .badge-open {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
    }
    .badge-closed {
      background: #fef08a;
      color: #854d0e;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      max-height: 220px;
      display: block;
    }
    /* Smooth, non-flickering current flow animation */
    .flow-line {
      stroke: #eab308;
      stroke-width: 3.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-dasharray: 8 16;
      animation: currentFlow 2.8s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes currentFlow {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 48; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }
    /* Gentle glowing pulse on bulb */
    .glow-effect {
      animation: bulbPulse 2.4s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
    }
    @keyframes bulbPulse {
      0% { opacity: 0.55; }
      100% { opacity: 0.95; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="title-badge badge-open">
        <span>⚪ Open Switch (OFF)</span>
      </div>
      <svg viewBox="0 0 280 180" aria-label="Open circuit diagram with lifted switch and unlit bulb">
        
        <path d="M 45 55 L 45 145 L 205 145 L 205 115" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />
        <path d="M 205 75 L 205 55 L 130 55" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

        
        <g transform="translate(115, 145)">
          <rect x="-24" y="-12" width="48" height="24" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <line x1="-12" y1="-9" x2="-12" y2="9" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="0" y1="-5" x2="0" y2="5" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <text x="-20" y="-14" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b">+</text>
          <text x="13" y="-14" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b">−</text>
          <text x="0" y="24" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#475569" text-anchor="middle">Cell</text>
        </g>

        
        <circle cx="45" cy="55" r="5" fill="#64748b" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2"/>
        <circle cx="130" cy="55" r="5" fill="#64748b" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2"/>
        
        
        <line x1="45" y1="55" x2="105" y2="20" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
        <circle cx="105" cy="20" r="4.5" fill="#0284c7"/>

        
        <g transform="translate(125, 34)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="9" fill="#fee2e2" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <line x1="-4" y1="-4" x2="4" y2="4" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="4" y1="-4" x2="-4" y2="4" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
        </g>
        
        <text x="125" y="16" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#dc2626" text-anchor="middle">Gap in circuit</text>

        
        <g transform="translate(205, 95)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="16" fill="#e2e8f0" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2"/>
          <path d="M -5 -4 Q 0 -10 5 -4" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <rect x="-6" y="14" width="12" height="6" fill="#cbd5e1" rx="1"/>
          
          <text x="24" y="4" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="start">Unlit</text>
        </g>
      </svg>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="title-badge badge-closed">
        <span>🟡 Closed Switch (ON)</span>
      </div>
      <svg viewBox="0 0 280 180" aria-label="Closed circuit diagram with continuous current and glowing bulb">
        
        <path d="M 45 55 L 45 145 L 205 145 L 205 55 Z" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

        
        <path d="M 45 55 L 45 145 L 205 145 L 205 55 Z" fill="none" class="flow-line" stroke-linejoin="round" />

        
        <g transform="translate(115, 145)">
          <rect x="-24" y="-12" width="48" height="24" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <line x1="-12" y1="-9" x2="-12" y2="9" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="0" y1="-5" x2="0" y2="5" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <text x="-20" y="-14" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b">+</text>
          <text x="13" y="-14" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b">−</text>
          <text x="0" y="24" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#475569" text-anchor="middle">Cell</text>
        </g>

        
        <circle cx="45" cy="55" r="5" fill="#64748b" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2"/>
        <circle cx="130" cy="55" r="5" fill="#64748b" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2"/>
        
        
        <line x1="45" y1="55" x2="130" y2="55" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
        <circle cx="130" cy="55" r="4.5" fill="#0284c7"/>

        
        <text x="87" y="42" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">Path closed</text>

        
        <g class="glow-effect">
          <circle cx="205" cy="95" r="26" fill="#fef08a" opacity="0.4"/>
          
          <line x1="205" y1="65" x2="205" y2="58" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="227" y1="73" x2="232" y2="68" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="235" y1="95" x2="242" y2="95" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="227" y1="117" x2="232" y2="122" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="183" y1="73" x2="178" y2="68" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="175" y1="95" x2="168" y2="95" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <line x1="183" y1="117" x2="178" y2="122" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
        </g>
        <g transform="translate(205, 95)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="16" fill="#fde047" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="2"/>
          <path d="M -5 -4 Q 0 -11 5 -4" fill="none" stroke="#ca8a04" stroke-width="2"/>
          <rect x="-6" y="14" width="12" height="6" fill="#94a3b8" rx="1"/>
          
          <text x="24" y="4" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#854d0e" text-anchor="start">Lit (Glows)</text>
        </g>
      </svg>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

science.ks2.y2.t5.s4

Aligned learning resources

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