<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 10px;
    }
    .header-badge {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border: 1px solid #bae6fd;
      color: #0369a1;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }
    .canvas-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 500px;
      position: relative;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      overflow: hidden;
    }
    canvas {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
    }
    .footer-label {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #ea580c;
      background: #fff7ed;
      border: 1px solid #ffedd5;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }
    .controls {
      margin-top: 8px;
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    button {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    button:active {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-badge">
    Sound Wave (Energy) Travel →
  </div>

  <div class="canvas-container">
    <canvas id="waveCanvas" width="500" height="240"></canvas>
  </div>

  <div class="footer-label">
    Oscillation of Particles ↔ (No Net Travel)
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <button id="toggleBtn" onclick="togglePlay()">⏸ Pause</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const canvas = document.getElementById('waveCanvas');
    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
    const toggleBtn = document.getElementById('toggleBtn');

    let isPlaying = true;
    let time = 0;
    const speed = 0.035;
    const wavelength = 140;
    const k = (2 * Math.PI) / wavelength;
    const amp = 14;

    const cols = 28;
    const rows = 11;
    const startX = 90;
    const endX = 405;
    const startY = 35;
    const endY = 195;

    const dustCol = 14;
    const dustRow = 5;

    function draw() {
      ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

      // 1. Loudspeaker (Left)
      const speakerBaseX = 25;
      const speakerDisplacement = amp * Math.sin(-time);
      const coneTipX = 65 + speakerDisplacement;

      // Speaker body
      ctx.fillStyle = '#334155';
      ctx.fillRect(speakerBaseX, 60, 20, 110);

      // Magnet/back
      ctx.fillStyle = '#64748b';
      ctx.fillRect(speakerBaseX - 10, 80, 10, 70);

      // Diaphragm cone
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(speakerBaseX + 20, 60);
      ctx.lineTo(coneTipX, 90);
      ctx.lineTo(coneTipX, 140);
      ctx.lineTo(speakerBaseX + 20, 170);
      ctx.closePath();
      ctx.fillStyle = '#0284c7';
      ctx.fill();

      // Diaphragm ring
      ctx.strokeStyle = '#0369a1';
      ctx.lineWidth = 3;
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(coneTipX, 85);
      ctx.lineTo(coneTipX, 145);
      ctx.stroke();

      // 2. Reference line for Dust Particle
      const dustBaseX = startX + ((endX - startX) / (cols - 1)) * dustCol;
      ctx.save();
      ctx.setLineDash([4, 4]);
      ctx.strokeStyle = '#f97316';
      ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(dustBaseX, 20);
      ctx.lineTo(dustBaseX, 210);
      ctx.stroke();
      ctx.restore();

      // 3. Air Particles & Dust Speck
      let dustCurrentX = dustBaseX;
      let dustCurrentY = startY + ((endY - startY) / (rows - 1)) * dustRow;

      for (let r = 0; r < rows; r++) {
        for (let c = 0; c < cols; c++) {
          const x0 = startX + ((endX - startX) / (cols - 1)) * c;
          const y0 = startY + ((endY - startY) / (rows - 1)) * r;

          const jitterX = Math.sin(r * 13 + c * 7) * 2;
          const jitterY = Math.cos(r * 11 + c * 5) * 2.5;

          const displacement = amp * Math.sin(k * (x0 - startX) - time);
          const x = x0 + displacement + jitterX;
          const y = y0 + jitterY;

          if (r === dustRow && c === dustCol) {
            dustCurrentX = x;
            dustCurrentY = y;
          } else {
            ctx.fillStyle = '#94a3b8';
            ctx.beginPath();
            ctx.arc(x, y, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
            ctx.fill();
          }
        }
      }

      // Draw highlighted Dust Particle
      ctx.fillStyle = '#ea580c';
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.arc(dustCurrentX, dustCurrentY, 5.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
      ctx.fill();
      ctx.strokeStyle = '#ffffff';
      ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
      ctx.stroke();

      // Dust label
      ctx.fillStyle = '#c2410c';
      ctx.font = 'bold 11px system-ui, sans-serif';
      ctx.textAlign = 'center';
      ctx.fillText('Dust Speck', dustBaseX, 224);

      // 4. Candle (Right)
      const candleX = 450;
      const candleBaseY = 170;

      // Candle Stick
      ctx.fillStyle = '#e2e8f0';
      ctx.strokeStyle = '#cbd5e1';
      ctx.lineWidth = 1;
      ctx.fillRect(candleX - 7, 120, 14, 50);
      ctx.strokeRect(candleX - 7, 120, 14, 50);

      // Wick
      ctx.strokeStyle = '#1e2945';
      ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(candleX, 120);
      ctx.lineTo(candleX, 112);
      ctx.stroke();

      // Flame displacement affected by sound wave
      const candleWaveDisp = amp * 0.8 * Math.sin(k * (candleX - startX) - time);
      const flameTipX = candleX + candleWaveDisp;
      const flameTipY = 92;

      // Flame Outer
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(candleX - 5, 112);
      ctx.quadraticCurveTo(candleX - 6 + candleWaveDisp * 0.5, 102, flameTipX, flameTipY);
      ctx.quadraticCurveTo(candleX + 6 + candleWaveDisp * 0.5, 102, candleX + 5, 112);
      ctx.closePath();
      ctx.fillStyle = '#f59e0b';
      ctx.fill();

      // Flame Inner
      ctx.beginPath();
      ctx.moveTo(candleX - 2.5, 112);
      ctx.quadraticCurveTo(candleX - 3 + candleWaveDisp * 0.5, 105, flameTipX, flameTipY + 5);
      ctx.quadraticCurveTo(candleX + 3 + candleWaveDisp * 0.5, 105, candleX + 2.5, 112);
      ctx.closePath();
      ctx.fillStyle = '#fef08a';
      ctx.fill();

      if (isPlaying) {
        time += speed;
      }
      requestAnimationFrame(draw);
    }

    function togglePlay() {
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
      toggleBtn.textContent = isPlaying ? '⏸ Pause' : '▶ Play';
    }

    requestAnimationFrame(draw);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Evidence That Waves Transfer Energy and Not Matter

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100vh;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .diagram-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }
    .toolbar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0 4px;
    }
    .status-badge {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 9999px;
    }
    .btn {
      appearance: none;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background-color 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
    }
    .btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-color: #94a3b8;
    }
    .btn:active {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
    .svg-wrapper {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      aspect-ratio: 600 / 310;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
      font-family: inherit;
    }
    .label-motion {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #e11d48;
      font-family: inherit;
    }
    .label-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      fill: #64748b;
      font-family: inherit;
    }
    .summary-bar {
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
      line-height: 1.4;
      padding: 2px 8px;
    }
    .summary-bar strong {
      color: #1e2945;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-container">
    
    <div class="toolbar">
      <span class="status-badge">Transverse Wave</span>
      <button class="btn" id="playBtn" aria-label="Toggle wave animation">⏸ Pause</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="svg-wrapper">
      <svg viewBox="0 0 600 310" id="svgWave" aria-label="Interactive Transverse Wave Diagram">
        <defs>
          <linearGradient id="waterGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
            <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#0077ff" stop-opacity="0.35"/>
            <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#0077ff" stop-opacity="0.06"/>
          </linearGradient>
          <marker id="arrowBlue" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="8" refX="6" refY="4" orient="auto">
            <path d="M1,1 L7,4 L1,7 Z" fill="#0077ff" />
          </marker>
          <marker id="arrowRedUp" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="3" refY="1" orient="auto">
            <path d="M1,5 L3,1 L5,5 Z" fill="#e11d48" />
          </marker>
          <marker id="arrowRedDown" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="3" refY="5" orient="auto">
            <path d="M1,1 L3,5 L5,1 Z" fill="#e11d48" />
          </marker>
        </defs>

        
        <g transform="translate(320, 24)">
          <text x="130" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="label">Wave Direction (Energy Transfer) →</text>
          <line x1="0" y1="12" x2="260" y2="12" stroke="#0077ff" stroke-width="2.5" marker-end="url(#arrowBlue)" />
        </g>

        
        <line x1="0" y1="160" x2="600" y2="160" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,4" />
        <text x="10" y="154" class="label-sub">Equilibrium</text>

        
        
        <g transform="translate(200, 20)">
          <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="label-motion">Particle Motion ↕</text>
          <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="label-sub">(Up &amp; Down only)</text>
        </g>

        
        <line x1="200" y1="42" x2="200" y2="270" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,4" />

        
        <line x1="168" y1="118" x2="168" y2="202" stroke="#e11d48" stroke-width="2" marker-start="url(#arrowRedUp)" marker-end="url(#arrowRedDown)" />
        <text x="160" y="164" text-anchor="end" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#e11d48">±36px</text>

        
        <path id="waterFill" fill="url(#waterGrad)" />
        <path id="waveLine" fill="none" stroke="#0077ff" stroke-width="3.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

        
        <text id="duck" x="200" y="160" font-size="34" text-anchor="middle" dominant-baseline="central" style="filter: drop-shadow(0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.12));">🦆</text>

        
        <g transform="translate(200, 286)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="3.5" fill="#64748b" />
          <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="label-sub">Fixed Position (x = 200)</text>
        </g>
      </svg>
    </div>

    
    <div class="summary-bar">
      Matter moves <strong>perpendicular (90°)</strong> to the direction of wave energy propagation.
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const svgWidth = 600;
    const svgHeight = 310;
    const baseY = 160;
    const amplitude = 36;
    const wavelength = 180;
    const duckX = 200;
    const speed = 0.045;

    let phase = 0;
    let isPlaying = true;
    let animId = null;

    const waveLine = document.getElementById('waveLine');
    const waterFill = document.getElementById('waterFill');
    const duck = document.getElementById('duck');
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('playBtn');

    function getWaveY(x, p) {
      return baseY + amplitude * Math.sin((2 * Math.PI * x / wavelength) - p);
    }

    function render() {
      let pathD = '';
      const step = 4;

      for (let x = 0; x <= svgWidth; x += step) {
        const y = getWaveY(x, phase);
        pathD += (x === 0 ? `M ${x},${y}` : ` L ${x},${y}`);
      }

      waveLine.setAttribute('d', pathD);
      waterFill.setAttribute('d', `${pathD} L ${svgWidth},${svgHeight} L 0,${svgHeight} Z`);

      // Position duck on wave surface at fixed x
      const currentDuckY = getWaveY(duckX, phase);
      duck.setAttribute('y', currentDuckY - 12);

      if (isPlaying) {
        phase += speed;
        animId = requestAnimationFrame(render);
      }
    }

    playBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
      playBtn.textContent = isPlaying ? '⏸ Pause' : '▶ Play';
      if (isPlaying) {
        render();
      } else if (animId) {
        cancelAnimationFrame(animId);
      }
    });

    render();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

UK-GCSE-SCIENCE-PHYS-WAV-01-03

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams