<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    /* Spectrum Gradient Bar */
    .spectrum-header {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .spectrum-bar {
      height: 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      background: linear-gradient(to right, #93c5fd, #60a5fa, #f87171, #c084fc, #38bdf8, #1e2945);
      position: relative;
    }
    .spectrum-labels {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    /* Grid of 5 Bands */
    .cards-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);
      gap: 6px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .cards-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(95px, 1fr));
      }
    }

    .band-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 4px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
      transition: border-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }
    .band-card:hover {
      border-color: #94a3b8;
    }
    .band-card.active {
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.2);
      background: #f8fafc;
    }

    .band-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #0f172a;
      line-height: 1.1;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }
    .band-mech {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      line-height: 1.1;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      min-height: 22px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .anim-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 76px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 6px;
      overflow: hidden;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }

    /* Keyframe Animations */
    @keyframes radioOsc {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateY(-14px); }
      50% { transform: translateY(14px); }
    }
    .anim-radio {
      animation: radioOsc 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes microRotate {
      0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
      100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
    }
    .anim-rotate {
      transform-origin: 35px 38px;
      animation: microRotate 3s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes bondVib {
      0%, 100% { transform: scaleX(1); }
      50% { transform: scaleX(0.72); }
    }
    .anim-vibrate {
      transform-origin: 35px 38px;
      animation: bondVib 0.7s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes jumpLevel {
      0%, 20% { cy: 56px; }
      40%, 75% { cy: 20px; }
      90%, 100% { cy: 56px; }
    }
    .anim-jump {
      animation: jumpLevel 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes ionize {
      0%, 25% { cx: 48px; cy: 38px; opacity: 1; }
      55%, 85% { cx: 78px; cy: 12px; opacity: 0; }
      90%, 100% { cx: 48px; cy: 38px; opacity: 0; }
    }
    .anim-ion {
      animation: ionize 2.4s ease-out infinite;
    }

    /* Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }
    .btn {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .btn:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
    .legend {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="spectrum-header">
    <div class="spectrum-labels">
      <span>Longer Wavelength &bull; Low Energy</span>
      <span>Shorter Wavelength &bull; High Energy</span>
    </div>
    <div class="spectrum-bar"></div>
  </div>

  <div class="cards-grid">
    
    <div class="band-card active" onclick="selectCard(0)">
      <div class="band-title">Radio</div>
      <div class="band-mech">Electron<br>Oscillation</div>
      <div class="anim-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 70 76">
          <line x1="35" y1="10" x2="35" y2="66" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          <g class="anim-radio">
            <circle cx="35" cy="38" r="7" fill="#3b82f6"/>
            <text x="35" y="41.5" font-size="9" fill="#ffffff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">e⁻</text>
          </g>
          <path d="M 23 20 L 23 56" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-dasharray="2,2" stroke-width="1"/>
          <polygon points="23,16 20,22 26,22" fill="#60a5fa"/>
          <polygon points="23,60 20,54 26,54" fill="#60a5fa"/>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="band-card" onclick="selectCard(1)">
      <div class="band-title">Microwave</div>
      <div class="band-mech">Molecular<br>Rotation</div>
      <div class="anim-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 70 76">
          <circle cx="35" cy="38" r="26" fill="none" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-dasharray="3,3" stroke-width="1"/>
          <g class="anim-rotate">
            
            <line x1="35" y1="38" x2="22" y2="25" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2"/>
            <line x1="35" y1="38" x2="48" y2="25" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2"/>
            <circle cx="35" cy="38" r="9" fill="#ef4444"/>
            <circle cx="22" cy="25" r="5" fill="#94a3b8"/>
            <circle cx="48" cy="25" r="5" fill="#94a3b8"/>
            <text x="35" y="41" font-size="8" fill="#fff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">O</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="band-card" onclick="selectCard(2)">
      <div class="band-title">Infrared</div>
      <div class="band-mech">Bond<br>Vibration</div>
      <div class="anim-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 70 76">
          <g class="anim-vibrate">
            
            <path d="M 22 38 L 26 34 L 30 42 L 34 34 L 38 42 L 42 34 L 48 38" fill="none" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round"/>
            <circle cx="16" cy="38" r="8" fill="#f97316"/>
            <circle cx="54" cy="38" r="8" fill="#f97316"/>
          </g>
          <text x="35" y="65" font-size="8" fill="#64748b" font-weight="600" text-anchor="middle">&#8644; stretch</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="band-card" onclick="selectCard(3)">
      <div class="band-title">Visible &amp; UV</div>
      <div class="band-mech">Electron<br>Excitation</div>
      <div class="anim-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 70 76">
          
          <line x1="12" y1="56" x2="58" y2="56" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2"/>
          <text x="62" y="59" font-size="8" fill="#64748b" font-weight="bold">n₁</text>
          <line x1="12" y1="20" x2="58" y2="20" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2"/>
          <text x="62" y="23" font-size="8" fill="#64748b" font-weight="bold">n₂</text>
          
          
          <line x1="24" y1="52" x2="24" y2="24" stroke="#8b5cf6" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="2,2"/>
          <polygon points="24,22 21,27 27,27" fill="#8b5cf6"/>
          
          
          <circle class="anim-jump" cx="42" cy="56" r="5.5" fill="#8b5cf6"/>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="band-card" onclick="selectCard(4)">
      <div class="band-title">X-rays</div>
      <div class="band-mech">Atom<br>Ionization</div>
      <div class="anim-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 70 76">
          <circle cx="30" cy="42" r="18" fill="none" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-dasharray="2,2"/>
          <circle cx="30" cy="42" r="7" fill="#0f172a"/>
          <text x="30" y="45" font-size="8" fill="#fff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">+</text>
          
          
          <circle class="anim-ion" cx="48" cy="38" r="4.5" fill="#0284c7"/>
          
          
          <path d="M 4 15 Q 12 28 20 20 T 36 34" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <polygon points="38,36 31,34 34,30" fill="#0284c7"/>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()">Pause ⏸</button>
    <span class="legend">Tap any band to inspect mechanism</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    let activeIdx = 0;
    let isPlaying = true;
    let timer = null;
    const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.band-card');

    function selectCard(idx) {
      activeIdx = idx;
      cards.forEach((c, i) => {
        if (i === activeIdx) {
          c.classList.add('active');
        } else {
          c.classList.remove('active');
        }
      });
    }

    function nextStep() {
      selectCard((activeIdx + 1) % cards.length);
    }

    function togglePlay() {
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
      const btn = document.getElementById('playBtn');
      if (isPlaying) {
        btn.textContent = 'Pause ⏸';
        timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
      } else {
        btn.textContent = 'Auto-Play ▶';
        clearInterval(timer);
      }
    }

    timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3200);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Absorption, Transmission, Reflection and Refraction Across Wavelengths

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      user-select: none;
      padding: 8px;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .btn {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .row-group {
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }

    .dimmed {
      opacity: 0.15;
    }

    /* Wave dash animation for visible ray */
    .wave-flow {
      stroke-dasharray: 8 4;
      animation: flow 1.2s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes flow {
      to { stroke-dashoffset: -24; }
    }

    /* Thermal vibration for IR row */
    @keyframes jiggle {
      0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0); }
      25% { transform: translate(-1.5px, 1.5px); }
      75% { transform: translate(1.5px, -1.5px); }
    }

    .vibrating {
      transform-origin: 320px 290px;
      animation: jiggle 0.18s infinite ease-in-out;
    }

    /* Electron shell jump for UV row */
    @keyframes electron-jump {
      0%, 100% { r: 12px; opacity: 0.8; }
      50% { r: 20px; opacity: 1; stroke-width: 2px; }
    }

    .orbit-jump {
      animation: electron-jump 1.6s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    text {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn active" onclick="setFilter('all')">All Rays</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setFilter('uv')">UV</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setFilter('vis')">Visible</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setFilter('ir')">Infrared</button>
  </div>

  <svg viewBox="0 0 620 370">
    <defs>
      
      <linearGradient id="glassGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="1" y2="0">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#bae6fd" stop-opacity="0.55" />
        <stop offset="50%" stop-color="#e0f2fe" stop-opacity="0.35" />
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#bae6fd" stop-opacity="0.55" />
      </linearGradient>

      
      <radialGradient id="heatGlow">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ef4444" stop-opacity="0.35" />
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ef4444" stop-opacity="0" />
      </radialGradient>
    </defs>

    
    <g>
      <rect x="250" y="20" width="130" height="330" rx="8" fill="url(#glassGrad)" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="2" />
      <text x="315" y="42" font-size="13" fill="#0369a1" text-anchor="middle">Glass Pane</text>
    </g>

    
    <g id="row-uv" class="row-group">
      
      <text x="20" y="70" font-size="14" fill="#7c3aed">UV (Short λ)</text>
      
      
      <path d="M 20,95 Q 26,83 32,95 T 44,95 T 56,95 T 68,95 T 80,95 T 92,95 T 104,95 T 116,95 T 128,95 T 140,95 T 152,95 T 164,95 T 176,95 T 188,95 T 200,95 T 212,95 T 224,95 T 236,95 T 248,95 T 260,95 T 272,95 T 284,95" 
            fill="none" stroke="#8b5cf6" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <g transform="translate(315, 95)">
        <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="6" fill="#7c3aed" />
        <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="12" fill="none" stroke="#a78bfa" stroke-dasharray="3 3" />
        <circle class="orbit-jump" cx="0" cy="0" r="18" fill="none" stroke="#7c3aed" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <circle cx="12" cy="0" r="3.5" fill="#c084fc" />
      </g>

      
      <text x="420" y="90" font-size="13" fill="#6d28d9">Absorbed</text>
      <text x="420" y="106" font-size="11" fill="#8b5cf6">(Electron shell jump)</text>
    </g>

    
    <g id="row-vis" class="row-group">
      
      <text x="20" y="175" font-size="14" fill="#059669">Visible Light</text>

      
      <path class="wave-flow" d="M 20,195 Q 35,178 50,195 T 80,195 T 110,195 T 140,195 T 170,195 T 200,195 T 230,195 T 250,195" 
            fill="none" stroke="#10b981" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <path class="wave-flow" d="M 250,195 Q 275,183 295,200 T 340,205 T 380,210" 
            fill="none" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-dasharray="4 2" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <path class="wave-flow" d="M 380,210 Q 400,193 420,210 T 460,210 T 500,210 T 540,210 T 580,210" 
            fill="none" stroke="#10b981" stroke-width="2.8" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <polygon points="585,210 575,205 575,215" fill="#10b981" />

      
      <text x="420" y="185" font-size="13" fill="#047857">Transmitted</text>
      <text x="420" y="200" font-size="11" fill="#059669">(Refracted / Bends)</text>
    </g>

    
    <g id="row-ir" class="row-group">
      
      <text x="20" y="270" font-size="14" fill="#dc2626">Infrared (Long λ)</text>

      
      <path d="M 20,290 Q 50,265 80,290 T 140,290 T 200,290 T 260,290" 
            fill="none" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <g class="vibrating">
        <circle cx="315" cy="290" r="28" fill="url(#heatGlow)" />
        
        <circle cx="295" cy="290" r="8" fill="#f87171" />
        
        <path d="M 303,290 L 306,285 L 311,295 L 316,285 L 321,295 L 326,285 L 327,290" 
              fill="none" stroke="#b91c1c" stroke-width="2" />
        
        <circle cx="335" cy="290" r="8" fill="#ef4444" />
      </g>

      
      <text x="420" y="285" font-size="13" fill="#b91c1c">Absorbed</text>
      <text x="420" y="301" font-size="11" fill="#dc2626">(Thermal heat ♨️)</text>
    </g>
  </svg>

  <script>
    function setFilter(type) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.btn').forEach(btn => btn.classList.remove('active'));
      event.target.classList.add('active');

      const uv = document.getElementById('row-uv');
      const vis = document.getElementById('row-vis');
      const ir = document.getElementById('row-ir');

      uv.classList.toggle('dimmed', type !== 'all' && type !== 'uv');
      vis.classList.toggle('dimmed', type !== 'all' && type !== 'vis');
      ir.classList.toggle('dimmed', type !== 'all' && type !== 'ir');
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Prism Light Dispersion</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 10px 12px;
    }

    .diagram-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 660px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 10px;
      margin-top: 10px;
      justify-content: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .btn-tab {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 12.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn-tab:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #1e293b;
    }

    .btn-tab.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
    }

    .ray {
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, stroke-width 0.3s ease;
    }

    .label-text {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #1e2945;
    }

    .sub-label {
      font-size: 10.5px;
      font-weight: 500;
      fill: #64748b;
    }

    .faint {
      opacity: 0.12;
    }

    .info-note {
      margin-top: 8px;
      font-size: 11.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      text-align: center;
      line-height: 1.4;
      max-width: 580px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .label-text {
        font-size: 10.5px;
      }
      .sub-label {
        font-size: 9.5px;
      }
      .btn-tab {
        font-size: 11.5px;
        padding: 5px 10px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-wrap">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 680 290" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="prismGlass" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="100%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f0f9ff" stop-opacity="0.9" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#e0f2fe" stop-opacity="0.6" />
        </linearGradient>

        
        <filter id="glow" x="-20%" y="-20%" width="140%" height="140%">
          <feDropShadow dx="0" dy="0" stdDeviation="1.5" flood-color="#ffffff" />
        </filter>

        
        <marker id="arrow-dev" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="4" markerHeight="4" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#ef4444" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <polygon points="230,42 120,240 340,240" fill="url(#prismGlass)" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round" />
      <text x="230" y="228" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle" letter-spacing="0.5">GLASS PRISM</text>

      
      <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="430" y2="104" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="3,3" />

      
      <g id="deviationGroup">
        <path d="M 385,113 A 65 65 0 0 1 405,143" fill="none" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arrow-dev)" />
        <text x="400" y="96" class="label-text" fill="#ef4444" text-anchor="middle">Angle of Deviation (δ)</text>
      </g>

      
      <line x1="20" y1="185" x2="168" y2="155" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="4.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <line x1="20" y1="185" x2="168" y2="155" stroke="#f8fafc" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" filter="url(#glow)" />
      <text x="85" y="152" class="label-text" text-anchor="middle">White Light</text>

      
      
      <g id="rayRed" class="ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="275" y2="158" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.2" />
        <line x1="275" y1="158" x2="450" y2="167" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.2" />
        <text x="458" y="165" class="label-text" fill="#dc2626">Red (700nm)</text>
        <text x="458" y="178" class="sub-label">bends least (lowest n, highest speed)</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayOrange" class="ray mid-ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="277" y2="163" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <line x1="277" y1="163" x2="450" y2="182" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <text x="458" y="186" class="sub-label" fill="#ea580c">Orange</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayYellow" class="ray mid-ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="279" y2="168" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <line x1="279" y1="168" x2="450" y2="197" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <text x="458" y="201" class="sub-label" fill="#ca8a04">Yellow</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayGreen" class="ray mid-ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="281" y2="173" stroke="#22c55e" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <line x1="281" y1="173" x2="450" y2="212" stroke="#22c55e" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <text x="458" y="216" class="sub-label" fill="#16a34a">Green</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayBlue" class="ray mid-ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="283" y2="178" stroke="#06b6d4" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <line x1="283" y1="178" x2="450" y2="227" stroke="#06b6d4" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <text x="458" y="231" class="sub-label" fill="#0891b2">Blue</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayIndigo" class="ray mid-ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="285" y2="183" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <line x1="285" y1="183" x2="450" y2="242" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="1.8" />
        <text x="458" y="246" class="sub-label" fill="#2563eb">Indigo</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rayViolet" class="ray">
        <line x1="168" y1="155" x2="287" y2="188" stroke="#8b5cf6" stroke-width="2.2" />
        <line x1="287" y1="188" x2="450" y2="257" stroke="#8b5cf6" stroke-width="2.2" />
        <text x="458" y="262" class="label-text" fill="#7c3aed">Violet (400nm)</text>
        <text x="458" y="275" class="sub-label">bends most (highest n, lowest speed)</text>
      </g>
    </svg>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="btn-tab active" id="btnSpectrum" type="button">Full Spectrum</button>
      <button class="btn-tab" id="btnExtremes" type="button">Compare Extremes (Red vs Violet)</button>
    </div>

    <div class="info-note" id="infoNote">
      White light separates because different wavelengths travel at different speeds in glass, resulting in different refractive indices (n).
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const btnSpectrum = document.getElementById('btnSpectrum');
    const btnExtremes = document.getElementById('btnExtremes');
    const midRays = document.querySelectorAll('.mid-ray');
    const infoNote = document.getElementById('infoNote');

    function setMode(mode) {
      if (mode === 'spectrum') {
        btnSpectrum.classList.add('active');
        btnExtremes.classList.remove('active');
        midRays.forEach(r => r.classList.remove('faint'));
        infoNote.textContent = "White light separates because different wavelengths travel at different speeds in glass, resulting in different refractive indices (n).";
      } else {
        btnExtremes.classList.add('active');
        btnSpectrum.classList.remove('active');
        midRays.forEach(r => r.classList.add('faint'));
        infoNote.textContent = "Violet light has a shorter wavelength (400nm), encounters a higher refractive index, and deviates the most. Red light (700nm) deviates the least.";
      }
    }

    btnSpectrum.addEventListener('click', () => setMode('spectrum'));
    btnExtremes.addEventListener('click', () => setMode('extremes'));
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Wave Interface Behavior</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 8px 12px 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    /* Wave selector buttons */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .btn-wave {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 7px 10px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
    }

    .btn-wave.active {
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.2);
    }

    /* Diagram SVG container */
    .svg-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      flex: 1;
      min-height: 250px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    /* Animated EM wave rays */
    .wave-line {
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
      transition: stroke 0.3s ease, stroke-width 0.3s ease, opacity 0.3s ease;
    }

    .pulse-flow {
      stroke-dasharray: 8 6;
      animation: rayFlow 1.2s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes rayFlow {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 28; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }

    /* Heat vibrations in glass */
    .heat-glow {
      transform-origin: center;
      transition: opacity 0.4s ease, r 0.4s ease;
    }

    .vibrating {
      animation: atomJitter 0.15s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
    }

    @keyframes atomJitter {
      0% { transform: translate(-1.2px, -1px); }
      100% { transform: translate(1.2px, 1px); }
    }

    /* Energy breakdown strip */
    .energy-bar-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .bar-track {
      display: flex;
      height: 10px;
      border-radius: 5px;
      overflow: hidden;
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }

    .bar-seg {
      height: 100%;
      transition: width 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    }

    .bar-reflected { background: #3b82f6; }
    .bar-absorbed { background: #f97316; }
    .bar-transmitted { background: #10b981; }

    .legend-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .legend-item {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 5px;
    }

    .dot-badge {
      width: 8px;
      height: 8px;
      border-radius: 50%;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn-wave" data-type="uv" id="btn-uv">
      <span>🟣</span> UV Rays
    </button>
    <button class="btn-wave active" data-type="vis" id="btn-vis">
      <span>🟡</span> Visible
    </button>
    <button class="btn-wave" data-type="ir" id="btn-ir">
      <span>🔴</span> Infrared
    </button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="svg-wrap">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 540 330">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="airGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f0f7ff" />
        </linearGradient>
        <linearGradient id="glassGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#e0f2fe" stop-opacity="0.75" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#bae6fd" stop-opacity="0.85" />
        </linearGradient>

        
        <marker id="arrowHead" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 6 3 L 0 6 z" fill="#1e2945" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrowRefl" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 6 3 L 0 6 z" fill="#3b82f6" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrowTrans" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 6 3 L 0 6 z" fill="#10b981" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <rect x="15" y="15" width="510" height="135" fill="url(#airGrad)" rx="8" />
      <text x="30" y="42" fill="#64748b" font-size="12" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.5">MEDIUM 1: AIR</text>

      
      <rect x="15" y="150" width="510" height="165" fill="url(#glassGrad)" stroke="#7dd3fc" stroke-width="1.5" rx="8" />
      <text x="30" y="176" fill="#0369a1" font-size="12" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.5">MEDIUM 2: GLASS</text>

      
      <line x1="15" y1="150" x2="525" y2="150" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 3" />
      <text x="440" y="142" fill="#0284c7" font-size="11" font-weight="700">Boundary</text>

      
      <line x1="270" y1="35" x2="270" y2="295" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4 4" />
      <text x="275" y="48" fill="#64748b" font-size="11" font-weight="600">Normal</text>

      
      <g id="glassAtoms">
        
        <g transform="translate(250, 195)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="16" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.1" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
        <g transform="translate(290, 205)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="20" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.15" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
        <g transform="translate(330, 200)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="16" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.1" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
        <g transform="translate(310, 245)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="22" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.18" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
        <g transform="translate(355, 255)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="18" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.12" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
        <g transform="translate(335, 290)"><circle class="heat-glow" r="16" fill="#f97316" opacity="0.1" /><circle class="atom" r="6" fill="#0284c7" /><circle class="atom-core" r="3" fill="#ffffff" /></g>
      </g>

      
      <g id="absorbLabelGroup" transform="translate(210, 250)">
        <rect x="-10" y="-14" width="85" height="24" rx="5" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="1.5" opacity="0.95" />
        <text x="32" y="2" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ea580c" font-size="11" font-weight="700">🔥 Absorbed</text>
      </g>

      
      
      <line id="rayIncidentCore" x1="110" y1="50" x2="265" y2="147" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="6" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <line id="rayIncidentPulse" class="wave-line pulse-flow" x1="110" y1="50" x2="265" y2="147" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2.5" />
      
      
      <g transform="translate(145, 80)">
        <rect x="-8" y="-14" width="76" height="22" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1" />
        <text x="30" y="1" text-anchor="middle" fill="#1e2945" font-size="11" font-weight="700">Incident</text>
      </g>

      
      
      <line id="rayReflectCore" x1="270" y1="150" x2="425" y2="53" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <line id="rayReflectPulse" class="wave-line pulse-flow" x1="270" y1="150" x2="425" y2="53" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5" />
      
      
      <g transform="translate(365, 80)">
        <rect x="-8" y="-14" width="80" height="22" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#93c5fd" stroke-width="1" />
        <text x="32" y="1" text-anchor="middle" fill="#1d4ed8" font-size="11" font-weight="700">Reflected</text>
      </g>

      
      
      <line id="rayTransCore" x1="270" y1="150" x2="360" y2="298" stroke="#10b981" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <line id="rayTransPulse" class="wave-line pulse-flow" x1="270" y1="150" x2="360" y2="298" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2" />
      
      
      <g transform="translate(385, 245)">
        <rect x="-8" y="-14" width="94" height="22" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#86efac" stroke-width="1" />
        <text x="39" y="1" text-anchor="middle" fill="#047857" font-size="11" font-weight="700">Transmitted</text>
      </g>

      
      <circle cx="270" cy="150" r="5" fill="#1e2945" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2" />
    </svg>
  </div>

  
  <div class="energy-bar-wrap">
    <div class="bar-track">
      <div id="barTrans" class="bar-seg bar-transmitted" style="width: 85%;"></div>
      <div id="barRefl" class="bar-seg bar-reflected" style="width: 10%;"></div>
      <div id="barAbs" class="bar-seg bar-absorbed" style="width: 5%;"></div>
    </div>
    <div class="legend-row">
      <div class="legend-item">
        <span class="dot-badge bar-transmitted"></span>
        <span>Transmitted: <b id="valTrans">85%</b></span>
      </div>
      <div class="legend-item">
        <span class="dot-badge bar-reflected"></span>
        <span>Reflected: <b id="valRefl">10%</b></span>
      </div>
      <div class="legend-item">
        <span class="dot-badge bar-absorbed"></span>
        <span>Absorbed: <b id="valAbs">5%</b></span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const waveProfiles = {
      vis: {
        color: '#eab308',
        refl: 10,
        abs: 5,
        trans: 85,
        reflWidth: 2,
        transWidth: 6,
        heatScale: 0.1,
        vibrate: false
      },
      uv: {
        color: '#9333ea',
        refl: 8,
        abs: 87,
        trans: 5,
        reflWidth: 1.5,
        transWidth: 1.5,
        heatScale: 1.0,
        vibrate: true
      },
      ir: {
        color: '#ef4444',
        refl: 55,
        abs: 35,
        trans: 10,
        reflWidth: 5,
        transWidth: 2,
        heatScale: 0.55,
        vibrate: true
      }
    };

    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.btn-wave');
    const rayIncidentCore = document.getElementById('rayIncidentCore');
    const rayReflectCore = document.getElementById('rayReflectCore');
    const rayTransCore = document.getElementById('rayTransCore');
    const heatGlows = document.querySelectorAll('.heat-glow');
    const glassAtomsGroup = document.getElementById('glassAtoms');
    const absorbLabelGroup = document.getElementById('absorbLabelGroup');

    const barTrans = document.getElementById('barTrans');
    const barRefl = document.getElementById('barRefl');
    const barAbs = document.getElementById('barAbs');

    const valTrans = document.getElementById('valTrans');
    const valRefl = document.getElementById('valRefl');
    const valAbs = document.getElementById('valAbs');

    function setWaveMode(modeKey) {
      const data = waveProfiles[modeKey];
      if (!data) return;

      // Update button styles
      buttons.forEach(btn => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', btn.dataset.type === modeKey);
      });

      // Update rays
      rayIncidentCore.setAttribute('stroke', data.color);
      rayReflectCore.setAttribute('stroke-width', data.reflWidth);
      rayTransCore.setAttribute('stroke-width', data.transWidth);

      rayTransCore.setAttribute('opacity', data.trans < 10 ? '0.35' : '1');
      rayReflectCore.setAttribute('opacity', data.refl < 10 ? '0.35' : '1');

      // Update heat vibration halos
      heatGlows.forEach(glow => {
        glow.setAttribute('opacity', (data.heatScale * 0.45).toFixed(2));
        glow.setAttribute('r', (14 + data.heatScale * 14).toFixed(1));
      });

      // Atomic jitter
      if (data.vibrate) {
        glassAtomsGroup.classList.add('vibrating');
      } else {
        glassAtomsGroup.classList.remove('vibrating');
      }

      absorbLabelGroup.style.opacity = data.abs > 10 ? '1' : '0.4';

      // Update energy breakdown bar
      barTrans.style.width = data.trans + '%';
      barRefl.style.width = data.refl + '%';
      barAbs.style.width = data.abs + '%';

      valTrans.textContent = data.trans + '%';
      valRefl.textContent = data.refl + '%';
      valAbs.textContent = data.abs + '%';
    }

    buttons.forEach(btn => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
        setWaveMode(btn.dataset.type);
      });
    });

    // Auto cycle stepper if learner doesn't click immediately
    const modes = ['vis', 'uv', 'ir'];
    let curIdx = 0;
    let autoCycle = setInterval(() => {
      curIdx = (curIdx + 1) % modes.length;
      setWaveMode(modes[curIdx]);
    }, 4000);

    buttons.forEach(b => {
      b.addEventListener('pointerdown', () => {
        clearInterval(autoCycle);
      });
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

UK-GCSE-SCIENCE-PHYS-EM-02-01

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams