<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      z-index: 10;
    }

    .btn {
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.3);
    }

    .svg-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 680px;
      height: auto;
      aspect-ratio: 16 / 10;
      position: relative;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .tube-glass {
      fill: #f1f5f9;
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
    }

    .plate-metal {
      fill: #64748b;
      stroke: #334155;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
    }

    .plate-pos {
      fill: #ef4444;
      stroke: #b91c1c;
    }

    .plate-neg {
      fill: #3b82f6;
      stroke: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .beam-core {
      stroke: #4ade80;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      fill: none;
      transition: d 0.4s ease;
    }

    .beam-glow {
      stroke: #22c55e;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      fill: none;
      opacity: 0.5;
      filter: url(#glow);
      transition: d 0.4s ease;
    }

    .callout-text {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #334155;
    }

    .conclusion-text {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #15803d;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }

    .pointer-line {
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 1.2;
      stroke-dasharray: 3 3;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button id="btnOn" class="btn active" onclick="setField(true)">Electric Field ON</button>
    <button id="btnOff" class="btn" onclick="setField(false)">Electric Field OFF</button>
  </div>

  <div class="svg-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 680 410">
      <defs>
        <filter id="glow" x="-20%" y="-20%" width="140%" height="140%">
          <feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="5" result="blur" />
          <feMerge>
            <feMergeNode in="blur" />
            <feMergeNode in="SourceGraphic" />
          </feMerge>
        </filter>
        <marker id="arrow" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
          <path d="M 0 1 L 8 5 L 0 9 z" fill="#94a3b8" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <path class="tube-glass" d="
        M 100 130
        L 340 130
        C 430 130, 480 90, 580 90
        C 610 90, 630 110, 630 205
        C 630 300, 610 320, 580 320
        C 480 320, 430 280, 340 280
        L 100 280
        C 85 280, 75 260, 75 205
        C 75 150, 85 130, 100 130 Z
      " />

      
      <path d="M 622 115 C 628 140, 630 170, 630 205 C 630 240, 628 270, 622 295" 
            fill="none" stroke="#86efac" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <rect class="plate-metal" x="110" y="165" width="10" height="80" rx="2" />
      <line x1="85" y1="205" x2="110" y2="205" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="3" />

      
      <rect class="plate-metal" x="220" y="145" width="10" height="48" rx="2" />
      <rect class="plate-metal" x="220" y="217" width="10" height="48" rx="2" />
      <line x1="225" y1="145" x2="225" y2="120" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="2.5" />

      
      
      <rect id="topPlate" class="plate-pos" x="350" y="142" width="100" height="12" rx="3" />
      <text id="topSign" x="400" y="152" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="12" font-weight="bold">+</text>

      
      <rect id="botPlate" class="plate-neg" x="350" y="256" width="100" height="12" rx="3" />
      <text id="botSign" x="400" y="266" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="14" font-weight="bold">−</text>

      
      
      <path id="beamGlow" class="beam-glow" stroke-width="12" d="M 120 205 L 225 205 L 350 205 Q 450 205 625 140" />
      <path id="beamCore" class="beam-core" stroke-width="4" d="M 120 205 L 225 205 L 350 205 Q 450 205 625 140" />

      
      <g id="particleGroup"></g>

      
      
      <line class="pointer-line" x1="115" y1="160" x2="115" y2="90" marker-start="url(#arrow)" />
      <text class="callout-text" x="115" y="80" text-anchor="middle">Cathode (−)</text>

      
      <line class="pointer-line" x1="225" y1="140" x2="225" y2="90" marker-start="url(#arrow)" />
      <text class="callout-text" x="225" y="80" text-anchor="middle">Anode (+)</text>

      
      <line class="pointer-line" x1="400" y1="138" x2="400" y2="60" marker-start="url(#arrow)" />
      <text class="callout-text" x="400" y="50" text-anchor="middle">Electrically charged plates</text>

      
      <g id="conclusionGroup">
        <line class="pointer-line" x1="620" y1="135" x2="550" y2="45" marker-start="url(#arrow)" />
        <text class="conclusion-text" x="550" y="30" text-anchor="middle">
          Beam curves toward (+) plate
        </text>
        <text class="callout-text" x="550" y="46" text-anchor="middle" fill="#15803d">
          → Proves particles are negative
        </text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <script>
    const pathDeflected = "M 120 205 L 225 205 L 350 205 Q 450 205 625 140";
    const pathStraight  = "M 120 205 L 225 205 L 350 205 L 628 205";

    let isFieldOn = true;
    const particleGroup = document.getElementById('particleGroup');
    const beamCore = document.getElementById('beamCore');
    const beamGlow = document.getElementById('beamGlow');
    const topPlate = document.getElementById('topPlate');
    const botPlate = document.getElementById('botPlate');
    const topSign = document.getElementById('topSign');
    const botSign = document.getElementById('botSign');
    const conclusionGroup = document.getElementById('conclusionGroup');
    const btnOn = document.getElementById('btnOn');
    const btnOff = document.getElementById('btnOff');

    function createParticles() {
      particleGroup.innerHTML = '';
      const count = 9;
      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        const circle = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'circle');
        circle.setAttribute('r', '3.5');
        circle.setAttribute('fill', '#ffffff');
        circle.setAttribute('filter', 'url(#glow)');

        const anim = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'animateMotion');
        anim.setAttribute('dur', '1.6s');
        anim.setAttribute('repeatCount', 'indefinite');
        anim.setAttribute('begin', `${(i * 1.6 / count).toFixed(2)}s`);
        anim.setAttribute('path', isFieldOn ? pathDeflected : pathStraight);

        circle.appendChild(anim);
        particleGroup.appendChild(circle);
      }
    }

    function setField(active) {
      isFieldOn = active;
      btnOn.classList.toggle('active', active);
      btnOff.classList.toggle('active', !active);

      const targetPath = active ? pathDeflected : pathStraight;
      beamCore.setAttribute('d', targetPath);
      beamGlow.setAttribute('d', targetPath);

      if (active) {
        topPlate.setAttribute('class', 'plate-pos');
        botPlate.setAttribute('class', 'plate-neg');
        topSign.textContent = '+';
        botSign.textContent = '−';
        conclusionGroup.style.opacity = '1';
      } else {
        topPlate.setAttribute('class', 'plate-metal');
        botPlate.setAttribute('class', 'plate-metal');
        topSign.textContent = '';
        botSign.textContent = '';
        conclusionGroup.style.opacity = '0.15';
      }

      createParticles();
    }

    createParticles();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Development of the Atomic Model: From Dalton to Plum Pudding

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Dalton vs. Thomson Atomic Model</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      min-height: 100%;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .comparison-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .comparison-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .model-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    .model-header {
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .year-badge {
      display: inline-block;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .badge-dalton {
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .badge-thomson {
      background: #fdf2f8;
      color: #be185d;
    }

    .model-title {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
    }

    .sphere-stage {
      width: 100%;
      height: 150px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Dalton Sphere */
    .dalton-sphere {
      width: 120px;
      height: 120px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 35%, #60a5fa, #2563eb 60%, #1e40af 100%);
      box-shadow: inset 0 2px 6px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4), 0 8px 16px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.25);
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Thomson Plum Pudding */
    .thomson-sphere {
      width: 120px;
      height: 120px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle at 45% 45%, #fecdd3, #fda4af 60%, #fb7185 100%);
      border: 2px dashed #f43f5e;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      box-shadow: 0 8px 16px rgba(244, 63, 94, 0.15);
    }

    .pos-label {
      position: absolute;
      color: #9f1239;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 800;
      opacity: 0.35;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .electron {
      position: absolute;
      width: 22px;
      height: 22px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 35%, #3b82f6, #1e3a8a);
      color: #ffffff;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 800;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .electron:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px #60a5fa;
    }

    /* Placed electrons */
    .e1 { top: 22%; left: 24%; }
    .e2 { top: 20%; right: 26%; }
    .e3 { top: 48%; left: 42%; }
    .e4 { bottom: 22%; left: 25%; }
    .e5 { bottom: 20%; right: 25%; }

    .feature-tag {
      margin-top: 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    /* Charge Balance Bar */
    .neutrality-panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-around;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .equation-wrap {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-family: ui-monospace, monospace;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .tag-pos {
      color: #e11d48;
      background: #ffe4e6;
      padding: 2px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .tag-neg {
      color: #1d4ed8;
      background: #dbeafe;
      padding: 2px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .tag-neutral {
      color: #047857;
      background: #d1fae5;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="comparison-grid">
    
    <div class="model-card">
      <div class="model-header">
        <span class="year-badge badge-dalton">1803</span>
        <div class="model-title">Dalton Model</div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="sphere-stage">
        <div class="dalton-sphere"></div>
      </div>

      <div class="feature-tag">Solid, indivisible sphere<br><span style="color: #64748b; font-weight: 500;">No internal charges</span></div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="model-card">
      <div class="model-header">
        <span class="year-badge badge-thomson">1904</span>
        <div class="model-title">Plum Pudding Model</div>
      </div>
      
      <div class="sphere-stage">
        <div class="thomson-sphere">
          <span class="pos-label" style="top: 10%; left: 45%;">+</span>
          <span class="pos-label" style="bottom: 10%; left: 45%;">+</span>
          <span class="pos-label" style="top: 45%; left: 14%;">+</span>
          <span class="pos-label" style="top: 45%; right: 14%;">+</span>
          
          <div class="electron e1" title="Electron (-)">-</div>
          <div class="electron e2" title="Electron (-)">-</div>
          <div class="electron e3" title="Electron (-)">-</div>
          <div class="electron e4" title="Electron (-)">-</div>
          <div class="electron e5" title="Electron (-)">-</div>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="feature-tag">Spread positive sphere (+)<br><span style="color: #1d4ed8; font-weight: 600;">Embedded electrons (−)</span></div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="neutrality-panel">
    <div class="equation-wrap">
      <span class="tag-pos">+ Total Charge</span>
      <span>+</span>
      <span class="tag-neg">− Total Charge</span>
      <span>=</span>
      <span>0</span>
    </div>
    <div class="tag-neutral">✓ Overall Neutral Atom</div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

UK-GCSE-SCIENCE-PHYS-AST-01-03

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams