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  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
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      padding: 0;
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      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      min-height: 100vh;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
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      background: #ffffff;
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      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 16px;
    }

    .main-stage {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
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      height: auto;
      max-height: 280px;
      overflow: visible;
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      dominant-baseline: central;
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      font-weight: 600;
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      max-width: 580px;
      background: #f8fafc;
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      padding: 12px 18px;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 14px;
      line-height: 1.45;
      font-weight: 500;
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      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);
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    .info-card strong {
      color: #0f172a;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .h-badge {
      color: #dc2626;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .oh-badge {
      color: #2563eb;
      font-weight: 700;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-stage">
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          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#cbd5e1"/>
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          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fecaca"/>
          <stop offset="40%" stop-color="#fee2e2"/>
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#fca5a5"/>
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        <rect x="-105" y="-95" width="210" height="190" rx="16" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" filter="url(#soft-shadow)" />

        
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        <circle cx="-42" cy="-42" r="21" fill="url(#grad-h)" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="-42" y="-42" class="label-text" font-size="14">H</text>

        
        <circle cx="42" cy="-42" r="21" fill="url(#grad-h)" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="42" y="-42" class="label-text" font-size="14">H</text>

        
        <circle cx="0" cy="5" r="32" fill="url(#grad-o)" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="0" y="5" class="label-text" fill="#ffffff" font-size="20">O</text>

        
        <text x="0" y="65" class="label-text formula-tag" font-size="18">H₂O</text>
        <text x="0" y="82" class="sub-label">Water Molecule</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(295, 110)">
        <circle cx="25" cy="0" r="26" fill="#f1f5f9" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        
        <text x="25" y="-1" class="label-text" font-size="34" fill="#334155" font-family="system-ui, serif">⇌</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(490, 110)">
        
        <rect x="-125" y="-95" width="250" height="190" rx="16" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" filter="url(#soft-shadow)" />

        
        <g transform="translate(-52, -10)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="35" fill="url(#grad-cation)" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" />
          <text x="0" y="-3" class="label-text formula-tag" font-size="24" fill="#b91c1c">H⁺</text>
          <text x="0" y="50" class="label-text" font-size="13" fill="#dc2626">Hydrogen ion</text>
          <text x="0" y="66" class="sub-label" fill="#ef4444">(cation)</text>
        </g>

        
        <text x="0" y="-10" class="label-text" font-size="22" fill="#94a3b8">+</text>

        
        <g transform="translate(52, -10)">
          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="35" fill="url(#grad-anion)" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="2.5" />
          <text x="0" y="-3" class="label-text formula-tag" font-size="22" fill="#1d4ed8">OH⁻</text>
          <text x="0" y="50" class="label-text" font-size="13" fill="#2563eb">Hydroxide ion</text>
          <text x="0" y="66" class="sub-label" fill="#3b82f6">(anion)</text>
        </g>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="info-card">
    In any aqueous solution, water always supplies free <span class="h-badge">H⁺</span> cations and <span class="oh-badge">OH⁻</span> anions.
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Competing Ions in Aqueous Electrolysis: The Role of Water

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 8px;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .cell-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 520px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    /* SVG Schematic */
    .schematic {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
    }

    /* Flow animation */
    @keyframes migrateLeft {
      0% { transform: translateX(4px); opacity: 0.85; }
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      100% { transform: translateX(4px); opacity: 0.85; }
    }

    @keyframes migrateRight {
      0% { transform: translateX(-4px); opacity: 0.85; }
      50% { transform: translateX(4px); opacity: 1; }
      100% { transform: translateX(-4px); opacity: 0.85; }
    }

    .move-left {
      animation: migrateLeft 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    .move-right {
      animation: migrateRight 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    /* Summary Grid */
    .grid-summary {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .summary-card {
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      font-size: 13px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 5px;
    }

    .summary-card.cathode {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;
    }

    .summary-card.anode {
      background: #fff7ed;
      border: 1px solid #fed7aa;
    }

    .card-title {
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 12px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .cathode .card-title { color: #1d4ed8; }
    .anode .card-title { color: #c2410c; }

    .ion-pair {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .ion-blue { color: #2563eb; }
    .ion-orange { color: #ea580c; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="cell-wrapper">
    
    <svg class="schematic" viewBox="0 0 500 240" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
      
      <path d="M 120 70 L 120 22 L 225 22" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <path d="M 380 70 L 380 22 L 275 22" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      
      <line x1="275" y1="12" x2="275" y2="32" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <text x="282" y="18" fill="#ea580c" font-size="12" font-weight="bold">+</text>
      
      <line x1="263" y1="16" x2="263" y2="28" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="4.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
      <text x="249" y="18" fill="#2563eb" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">−</text>

      
      <rect x="65" y="60" width="370" height="170" rx="14" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="2.5" />
      
      <rect x="68" y="85" width="364" height="142" rx="10" fill="#e0f2fe" fill-opacity="0.5" />

      
      <rect x="108" y="55" width="24" height="145" rx="4" fill="#2563eb" />
      <text x="120" y="215" text-anchor="middle" fill="#1d4ed8" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">Cathode (−)</text>

      
      <rect x="368" y="55" width="24" height="145" rx="4" fill="#ea580c" />
      <text x="380" y="215" text-anchor="middle" fill="#c2410c" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">Anode (+)</text>

      
      <g class="move-left">
        
        <circle cx="215" cy="115" r="15" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="215" y="120" text-anchor="middle" fill="#2563eb" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">Na⁺</text>
        <path d="M 192 115 L 148 115 M 156 109 L 146 115 L 156 121" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

        
        <circle cx="225" cy="165" r="15" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="225" y="170" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0284c7" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">H⁺</text>
        <path d="M 202 165 L 148 165 M 156 159 L 146 165 L 156 171" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />
      </g>

      
      <g class="move-right">
        
        <circle cx="285" cy="115" r="15" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="285" y="120" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ea580c" font-size="13" font-weight="bold">Cl⁻</text>
        <path d="M 308 115 L 352 115 M 344 109 L 354 115 L 344 121" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />

        
        <circle cx="275" cy="165" r="15" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="275" y="170" text-anchor="middle" fill="#d97706" font-size="12" font-weight="bold">OH⁻</text>
        <path d="M 298 165 L 352 165 M 344 159 L 354 165 L 344 171" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" />
      </g>
    </svg>

    
    <div class="grid-summary">
      
      <div class="summary-card cathode">
        <span class="card-title">Cathode Competitors (−)</span>
        <div class="ion-pair">
          <span class="tag">Solute cation</span>
          <span class="ion-blue">Na⁺</span>
        </div>
        <div class="ion-pair">
          <span class="tag">Water cation</span>
          <span class="ion-blue">H⁺</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="summary-card anode">
        <span class="card-title">Anode Competitors (+)</span>
        <div class="ion-pair">
          <span class="tag">Solute anion</span>
          <span class="ion-orange">Cl⁻</span>
        </div>
        <div class="ion-pair">
          <span class="tag">Water anion</span>
          <span class="ion-orange">OH⁻</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
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    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
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    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-start;
      gap: 14px;
    }

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      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 4px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #475569;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.25);
    }

    /* Main layout */
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      width: 100%;
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      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
    }

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    .section-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
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      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .sources-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .source-panel {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px;
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      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
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      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
    }

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      gap: 10px;
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    .electrode-card {
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      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
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    .cathode-card {
      background: #eff6ff;
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    .anode-card {
      background: #fff7ed;
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    }

    .electrode-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .cathode-card .electrode-header {
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .anode-card .electrode-header {
      color: #c2410c;
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    .ion-group {
      display: flex;
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      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
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      display: inline-flex;
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      justify-content: center;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      min-width: 44px;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
    }

    .badge-blue {
      background: #dbeafe;
      color: #1e40af;
      border: 1px solid #93c5fd;
    }

    .badge-coral {
      background: #ffedd5;
      color: #9a3412;
      border: 1px solid #fdba74;
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    .vs-sign {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #94a3b8;
      align-self: center;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="tabs">
    <button class="tab-btn active" onclick="selectSalt(0)">NaCl (aq)</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="selectSalt(1)">CuSO₄ (aq)</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="selectSalt(2)">KNO₃ (aq)</button>
  </div>

  <div class="content-stage">
    
    <div>
      <div class="section-title">
        <span>Available Ions</span>
      </div>
      <div class="sources-grid">
        <div class="source-panel">
          <div class="panel-label">Salt</div>
          <div class="ion-group" id="saltIons">
            <span class="badge badge-blue">Na⁺</span>
            <span class="badge badge-coral">Cl⁻</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="source-panel">
          <div class="panel-label">Water</div>
          <div class="ion-group">
            <span class="badge badge-blue">H⁺</span>
            <span class="badge badge-coral">OH⁻</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div>
      <div class="section-title">
        <span>Electrode Pools</span>
      </div>
      <div class="pools-grid">
        
        <div class="electrode-card cathode-card">
          <div class="electrode-header">Cathode (−)</div>
          <div class="ion-group" id="cathodePool">
            <span class="badge badge-blue">Na⁺</span>
            <span class="vs-sign">vs</span>
            <span class="badge badge-blue">H⁺</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        
        <div class="electrode-card anode-card">
          <div class="electrode-header">Anode (+)</div>
          <div class="ion-group" id="anodePool">
            <span class="badge badge-coral">Cl⁻</span>
            <span class="vs-sign">vs</span>
            <span class="badge badge-coral">OH⁻</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const salts = [
      {
        name: "NaCl (aq)",
        saltCation: "Na⁺",
        saltAnion: "Cl⁻"
      },
      {
        name: "CuSO₄ (aq)",
        saltCation: "Cu²⁺",
        saltAnion: "SO₄²⁻"
      },
      {
        name: "KNO₃ (aq)",
        saltCation: "K⁺",
        saltAnion: "NO₃⁻"
      }
    ];

    function selectSalt(index) {
      const data = salts[index];
      
      // Update Tab Styles
      const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn');
      buttons.forEach((btn, i) => {
        if (i === index) {
          btn.classList.add('active');
        } else {
          btn.classList.remove('active');
        }
      });

      // Update Salt Ions
      document.getElementById('saltIons').innerHTML = `
        <span class="badge badge-blue">${data.saltCation}</span>
        <span class="badge badge-coral">${data.saltAnion}</span>
      `;

      // Update Cathode Pool
      document.getElementById('cathodePool').innerHTML = `
        <span class="badge badge-blue">${data.saltCation}</span>
        <span class="vs-sign">vs</span>
        <span class="badge badge-blue">H⁺</span>
      `;

      // Update Anode Pool
      document.getElementById('anodePool').innerHTML = `
        <span class="badge badge-coral">${data.saltAnion}</span>
        <span class="vs-sign">vs</span>
        <span class="badge badge-coral">OH⁻</span>
      `;
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
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      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100vh;
      padding: 12px;
    }

    .diagram-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 660px;
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      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
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    .panels-container {
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: row;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 16px;
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    .panel {
      flex: 1;
      max-width: 320px;
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      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
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    .panel-svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
    }

    /* Shared Legend */
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      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
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      justify-content: center;
      gap: 20px;
      margin-top: 4px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
    }

    .legend-item {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .legend-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 22px;
      height: 22px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      color: #ffffff;
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .badge-na {
      background-color: #0284c7;
    }

    .badge-cl {
      background-color: #16a34a;
      width: 24px;
      height: 24px;
      font-size: 11px;
    }

    /* Pedagogical animations */
    @keyframes jitter {
      0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0); }
      25% { transform: translate(-0.8px, 0.6px); }
      75% { transform: translate(0.8px, -0.6px); }
    }

    @keyframes drift-pos {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateX(0); }
      50% { transform: translateX(7px); }
    }

    @keyframes drift-neg {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateX(0); }
      50% { transform: translateX(-7px); }
    }

    @keyframes flicker {
      0%, 100% { transform: scale(1); opacity: 0.92; }
      50% { transform: scale(1.06, 0.94); opacity: 1; }
    }

    .vibrate-lattice {
      animation: jitter 1.5s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    .drift-right {
      animation: drift-pos 2.8s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    .drift-left {
      animation: drift-neg 2.8s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    .flame-anim {
      transform-origin: 150px 265px;
      animation: flicker 1.6s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
    }

    /* Mobile Responsive Stacking */
    @media (max-width: 600px) {
      body {
        padding: 8px;
      }
      .panels-container {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: center;
        gap: 20px;
      }
      .panel {
        max-width: 320px;
        width: 100%;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-wrapper">
    <div class="panels-container">
      
      
      <div class="panel">
        <svg class="panel-svg" viewBox="0 0 300 350" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
          
          <text x="150" y="24" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#1e2945">Solid State (Insulator)</text>

          
          <path d="M 75 160 L 75 60 L 130 60" fill="none" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
          <path d="M 170 60 L 225 60 L 225 160" fill="none" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

          
          <line x1="144" y1="50" x2="144" y2="70" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="3" />
          <line x1="152" y1="54" x2="152" y2="66" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />

          
          <rect x="68" y="135" width="14" height="65" rx="2" fill="#475569" />
          <rect x="218" y="135" width="14" height="65" rx="2" fill="#475569" />
          <text x="75" y="127" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#64748b">+</text>
          <text x="225" y="127" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#64748b">−</text>

          
          <g transform="translate(150, 92)">
            <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="12" fill="#e2e8f0" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <path d="M -4 12 L 4 12 L 3 16 L -3 16 Z" fill="#94a3b8" />
            <path d="M -4 3 Q 0 -5 4 3" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="0" y="29" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#94a3b8">OFF</text>
          </g>

          
          <path d="M 50 150 L 50 240 Q 50 248 58 248 L 242 248 Q 250 248 250 240 L 250 150" fill="#f1f5f9" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round" />

          
          <g class="vibrate-lattice">
            
            <g stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1.5">
              <line x1="82" y1="168" x2="218" y2="168" />
              <line x1="82" y1="198" x2="218" y2="198" />
              <line x1="82" y1="228" x2="218" y2="228" />
              <line x1="82" y1="168" x2="82" y2="228" />
              <line x1="127" y1="168" x2="127" y2="228" />
              <line x1="173" y1="168" x2="173" y2="228" />
              <line x1="218" y1="168" x2="218" y2="228" />
            </g>

            
            <circle cx="82" cy="168" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="82" y="172" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            <circle cx="127" cy="168" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="127" y="172" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
            <circle cx="173" cy="168" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="173" y="172" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            <circle cx="218" cy="168" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="218" y="172" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>

            
            <circle cx="82" cy="198" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="82" y="202" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
            <circle cx="127" cy="198" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="127" y="202" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            <circle cx="173" cy="198" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="173" y="202" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
            <circle cx="218" cy="198" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="218" y="202" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>

            
            <circle cx="82" cy="228" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="82" y="232" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            <circle cx="127" cy="228" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="127" y="232" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
            <circle cx="173" cy="228" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
            <text x="173" y="232" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            <circle cx="218" cy="228" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
            <text x="218" y="232" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
          </g>

          
          <text x="150" y="295" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12.5" font-weight="700" fill="#64748b">Ions locked in place</text>
          <text x="150" y="313" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11.5" font-weight="500" fill="#64748b">cannot move</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      
      <div class="panel">
        <svg class="panel-svg" viewBox="0 0 300 350" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
          <defs>
            <filter id="glow-molten" x="-50%" y="-50%" width="200%" height="200%">
              <feGaussianBlur in="SourceGraphic" stdDeviation="5" result="blur" />
              <feMerge>
                <feMergeNode in="blur" />
                <feMergeNode in="SourceGraphic" />
              </feMerge>
            </filter>

            <linearGradient id="flameGrad" x1="0" y1="1" x2="0" y2="0">
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              <stop offset="50%" stop-color="#f59e0b" />
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#fef08a" />
            </linearGradient>

            <linearGradient id="liquidGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fed7aa" stop-opacity="0.45" />
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#fdba74" stop-opacity="0.75" />
            </linearGradient>
          </defs>

          
          <text x="150" y="24" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#1e2945">Molten State (Conductor)</text>

          
          <path d="M 75 160 L 75 60 L 130 60" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
          <path d="M 170 60 L 225 60 L 225 160" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

          
          <line x1="144" y1="50" x2="144" y2="70" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="3" />
          <line x1="152" y1="54" x2="152" y2="66" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="1.5" />

          
          <rect x="68" y="135" width="14" height="65" rx="2" fill="#334155" />
          <rect x="218" y="135" width="14" height="65" rx="2" fill="#334155" />
          <text x="75" y="127" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7">+</text>
          <text x="225" y="127" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7">−</text>

          
          <g transform="translate(150, 92)">
            
            <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="18" fill="#fef08a" opacity="0.6" filter="url(#glow-molten)" />
            
            <g stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round" opacity="0.9">
              <line x1="-16" y1="0" x2="-21" y2="0" />
              <line x1="16" y1="0" x2="21" y2="0" />
              <line x1="-11" y1="-11" x2="-15" y2="-15" />
              <line x1="11" y1="-11" x2="15" y2="-15" />
              <line x1="0" y1="-16" x2="0" y2="-21" />
            </g>
            
            <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="12" fill="#fde047" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <path d="M -4 12 L 4 12 L 3 16 L -3 16 Z" fill="#94a3b8" />
            <path d="M -4 3 Q 0 -5 4 3" fill="none" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="0" y="29" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" font-weight="800" fill="#ca8a04">ON</text>
          </g>

          
          <path d="M 50 150 L 50 240 Q 50 248 58 248 L 242 248 Q 250 248 250 240 L 250 150" fill="url(#liquidGrad)" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2" stroke-linejoin="round" />

          
          <g>
            
            <g class="drift-left">
              
              <path d="M 120 174 L 108 174" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-dasharray="2,2" />
              <polygon points="106,174 110,171.5 110,176.5" fill="#16a34a" />
              <circle cx="127" cy="174" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
              <text x="127" y="178" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>

              
              <path d="M 148 226 L 134 226" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-dasharray="2,2" />
              <polygon points="132,226 136,223.5 136,228.5" fill="#16a34a" />
              <circle cx="155" cy="226" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
              <text x="155" y="230" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>

              
              <circle cx="95" cy="202" r="11.5" fill="#16a34a" />
              <text x="95" y="206" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9.5" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Cl⁻</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="drift-right">
              
              <path d="M 174 182 L 188 182" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-dasharray="2,2" />
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              <circle cx="167" cy="182" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
              <text x="167" y="186" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>

              
              <path d="M 144 200 L 158 200" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.3" stroke-dasharray="2,2" />
              <polygon points="160,200 156,197.5 156,202.5" fill="#0284c7" />
              <circle cx="137" cy="200" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
              <text x="137" y="204" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>

              
              <circle cx="204" cy="220" r="10" fill="#0284c7" />
              <text x="204" y="224" text-anchor="middle" font-size="9" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff">Na⁺</text>
            </g>
          </g>

          
          <g class="flame-anim">
            <path d="M 137 270 Q 142 250 150 246 Q 158 250 163 270 Q 156 274 150 274 Q 144 274 137 270 Z" fill="url(#flameGrad)" />
            <path d="M 143 270 Q 147 258 150 254 Q 153 258 157 270 Z" fill="#ffffff" opacity="0.65" />
          </g>
          <text x="150" y="284" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10.5" font-weight="800" fill="#ea580c" letter-spacing="0.5">HEAT</text>

          
          <text x="150" y="303" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12.5" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7">Lattice broken</text>
          <text x="150" y="321" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11.5" font-weight="600" fill="#0284c7">ions move freely</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

    </div>

    
    <div class="legend-container">
      <div class="legend-item">
        <span class="legend-badge badge-na">Na⁺</span>
        <span>Sodium ion</span>
      </div>
      <div class="legend-item">
        <span class="legend-badge badge-cl">Cl⁻</span>
        <span>Chloride ion</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Principles of Electrolysis: Electrolytes, Electrodes, and Current

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="1:1">
  <title>Molten Salt Electrolysis</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 8px;
    }
    .diagram-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .label-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
      text-anchor: middle;
    }
    .label-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #64748b;
      text-anchor: middle;
    }
    .ion-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 800;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
    }
    .cation-drift {
      animation: driftRight 4s linear infinite;
    }
    .anion-drift {
      animation: driftLeft 4s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes driftRight {
      0% { transform: translateX(0); opacity: 0.9; }
      50% { transform: translateX(38px); opacity: 1; }
      100% { transform: translateX(76px); opacity: 0; }
    }
    @keyframes driftLeft {
      0% { transform: translateX(0); opacity: 0.9; }
      50% { transform: translateX(-38px); opacity: 1; }
      100% { transform: translateX(-76px); opacity: 0; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="diagram-wrapper">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 400 400">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="moltenGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ff9800" stop-opacity="0.85" />
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        </linearGradient>

        
        <linearGradient id="graphiteGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="1" y2="0">
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        </linearGradient>

        
        <marker id="arrowBlue" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#0284c7" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrowAmber" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#d97706" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      
      <g transform="translate(200, 36)">
        
        <line x1="-16" y1="-14" x2="-16" y2="14" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
        
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        <text x="-32" y="5" class="label-title" fill="#dc2626">+</text>
        <text x="32" y="5" class="label-title" fill="#2563eb">−</text>
        <text x="0" y="-20" class="label-title">DC Power Supply</text>
      </g>

      
      <path d="M 184 36 L 105 36 L 105 130" fill="none" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linejoin="round" />
      
      
      <path d="M 216 36 L 295 36 L 295 130" fill="none" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linejoin="round" />

      
      <rect x="45" y="140" width="310" height="230" rx="14" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="3" />

      
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      <path d="M 47 190 Q 200 186 353 190" stroke="#fb8c00" stroke-width="3" fill="none" />

      
      <rect x="90" y="110" width="30" height="210" rx="3" fill="url(#graphiteGrad)" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="1.5" />
      
      
      <rect x="280" y="110" width="30" height="210" rx="3" fill="url(#graphiteGrad)" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="1.5" />

      
      <g transform="translate(105, 92)">
        <rect x="-56" y="-18" width="112" height="24" rx="6" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <text x="0" y="-2" class="label-title">Anode (+)</text>
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        <rect x="-56" y="-18" width="112" height="24" rx="6" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <text x="0" y="-2" class="label-title">Cathode (−)</text>
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        <text x="0" y="3" class="label-title">Molten Salt (Liquid Electrolyte)</text>
      </g>

      
      
      <g transform="translate(160, 220)">
        
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          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="14" fill="#0284c7" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="0" y="0" class="ion-label" fill="#ffffff">+</text>
        </g>
      </g>

      <g transform="translate(175, 295)">
        <line x1="-5" y1="0" x2="35" y2="0" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="3,3" marker-end="url(#arrowBlue)" />
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          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="14" fill="#0284c7" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="0" y="0" class="ion-label" fill="#ffffff">+</text>
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(235, 255)">
        
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          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="14" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#ca8a04" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="0" y="0" class="ion-label" fill="#854d0e">−</text>
        </g>
      </g>

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          <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="14" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#ca8a04" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="0" y="0" class="ion-label" fill="#854d0e">−</text>
        </g>
      </g>

    </svg>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

UK-GCSE-SCIENCE-CHEM-CC-05

Child standards (4)

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams