<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .stack-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .layer-btn {
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: left;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    }

    .layer-btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .layer-btn.active {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #0284c7;
    }

    .layer-left {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .layer-icon {
      font-size: 18px;
      line-height: 1;
      width: 24px;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .layer-name {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .layer-sub {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 1px;
    }

    .layer-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 3px 7px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.4px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .layer-btn.active .layer-tag {
      background: #bae6fd;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    /* Flow connector line */
    .connector-wrap {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      height: 6px;
      position: relative;
    }
    .connector-line {
      width: 2px;
      height: 100%;
      background: #cbd5e1;
    }

    /* Explanation card container (fixed height to prevent CLS) */
    .info-panel {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      min-height: 68px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
    }

    .info-indicator {
      width: 8px;
      height: 36px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      background: #0284c7;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .info-text-box {
      flex: 1;
    }

    .info-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #0284c7;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }

    .info-desc {
      font-size: 13.5px;
      color: #334155;
      line-height: 1.35;
    }

    /* Navigation / control bar */
    .nav-bar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .dot {
      width: 8px;
      height: 8px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      border: none;
      padding: 0;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .dot.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      width: 18px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="stack-container">
    
    <button class="layer-btn active" data-idx="0" aria-label="Application Layer">
      <div class="layer-left">
        <span class="layer-icon">🌐</span>
        <div>
          <div class="layer-name">Application Layer</div>
          <div class="layer-sub">Web Browser · Multiplayer Game</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <span class="layer-tag">User Software</span>
    </button>

    <div class="connector-wrap"><div class="connector-line"></div></div>

    
    <button class="layer-btn" data-idx="1" aria-label="Operating System Network Software">
      <div class="layer-left">
        <span class="layer-icon">⚙️</span>
        <div>
          <div class="layer-name">OS Network Software</div>
          <div class="layer-sub">TCP/IP Stack · DHCP Client</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <span class="layer-tag">Operating System</span>
    </button>

    <div class="connector-wrap"><div class="connector-line"></div></div>

    
    <button class="layer-btn" data-idx="2" aria-label="Device Driver">
      <div class="layer-left">
        <span class="layer-icon">🔄</span>
        <div>
          <div class="layer-name">Device Driver</div>
          <div class="layer-sub">Hardware Translation Interface</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <span class="layer-tag">Translator</span>
    </button>

    <div class="connector-wrap"><div class="connector-line"></div></div>

    
    <button class="layer-btn" data-idx="3" aria-label="Hardware Layer">
      <div class="layer-left">
        <span class="layer-icon">🔌</span>
        <div>
          <div class="layer-name">Hardware Layer</div>
          <div class="layer-sub">Network Interface Card (MAC) · Cable / Antenna</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <span class="layer-tag">Physical Media</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="info-panel">
    <div class="info-indicator"></div>
    <div class="info-text-box">
      <div class="info-title" id="infoTitle">Layer 1: Application</div>
      <div class="info-desc" id="infoDesc">Generates and displays high-level user data requests like web pages or multiplayer actions.</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="nav-bar">
    <button class="dot active" data-idx="0" aria-label="Go to Layer 1"></button>
    <button class="dot" data-idx="1" aria-label="Go to Layer 2"></button>
    <button class="dot" data-idx="2" aria-label="Go to Layer 3"></button>
    <button class="dot" data-idx="3" aria-label="Go to Layer 4"></button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const layerData = [
      {
        title: "Layer 1: Application",
        desc: "Generates and requests user data such as loading web pages or streaming games."
      },
      {
        title: "Layer 2: OS Network Stack",
        desc: "Packages data into standard network packets (TCP/IP) and requests a local IP address (DHCP)."
      },
      {
        title: "Layer 3: Device Driver",
        desc: "Translates standard OS network instructions into specific commands for your NIC model."
      },
      {
        title: "Layer 4: Physical Hardware",
        desc: "Converts digital bits into electrical, optical, or radio signals across the physical network."
      }
    ];

    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.layer-btn');
    const dots = document.querySelectorAll('.dot');
    const titleEl = document.getElementById('infoTitle');
    const descEl = document.getElementById('infoDesc');

    let currentIndex = 0;

    function selectLayer(index) {
      currentIndex = index;

      buttons.forEach((btn, i) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      });

      dots.forEach((dot, i) => {
        dot.classList.toggle('active', i === index);
      });

      titleEl.textContent = layerData[index].title;
      descEl.textContent = layerData[index].desc;
    }

    buttons.forEach((btn) => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => {
        selectLayer(parseInt(btn.getAttribute('data-idx'), 10));
      });
    });

    dots.forEach((dot) => {
      dot.addEventListener('click', () => {
        selectLayer(parseInt(dot.getAttribute('data-idx'), 10));
      });
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Hardware and Software in Networked Systems

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    /* Spatial Canvas */
    .network-stage {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      position: relative;
      min-height: 120px;
    }

    .node {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      z-index: 2;
      width: 80px;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .node-icon {
      width: 44px;
      height: 44px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 22px;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .node-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #475569;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .node-sub {
      font-size: 10px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-family: monospace;
    }

    /* Transmission Channel */
    .channel {
      flex: 1;
      position: relative;
      height: 40px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      margin: 0 10px;
    }

    .channel-line {
      position: absolute;
      width: 100%;
      height: 2px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }

    .signal-packet {
      position: absolute;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      transition: all 0.4s ease;
      opacity: 0;
      transform: scale(0.9);
      background: #eff6ff;
      border: 1px solid #93c5fd;
      color: #2563eb;
    }

    /* Flowchart Grid */
    .flow-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      gap: 8px;
    }

    @media (min-width: 540px) {
      .flow-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
      }
    }

    .step-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .step-card.active {
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px #2563eb;
      background: #f8faff;
    }

    .step-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .step-num {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 9px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      padding: 2px 5px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .badge-pending {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .badge-active {
      background: #dbeafe;
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .badge-complete {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
    }

    .step-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e293b;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .step-detail {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #475569;
      line-height: 1.3;
    }

    /* Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      transition: background 0.15s ease;
    }

    .btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .btn-primary {
      background: #2563eb;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .btn-primary:hover {
      background: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .btn:disabled {
      opacity: 0.4;
      cursor: not-allowed;
    }

    .progress-bar {
      display: flex;
      gap: 4px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .bar-dot {
      width: 18px;
      height: 4px;
      border-radius: 2px;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease;
    }

    .bar-dot.active {
      background: #2563eb;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="network-stage">
    <div class="node" id="nodeLaptop">
      <div class="node-icon" id="iconLaptop">💻</div>
      <div class="node-tag">Laptop</div>
      <div class="node-sub" id="laptopState">WNIC: OFF</div>
    </div>

    <div class="channel">
      <div class="channel-line"></div>
      <div class="signal-packet" id="signalPacket">⚡ Driver Init</div>
    </div>

    <div class="node" id="nodeRouter">
      <div class="node-icon" id="iconRouter">📡</div>
      <div class="node-tag">WAP / Router</div>
      <div class="node-sub" id="routerState">DHCP: Ready</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="flow-grid">
    <div class="step-card active" onclick="setStep(0)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-num">STEP 1</span>
        <span class="badge badge-active" id="badge0">Active</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">Hardware Init</div>
      <div class="step-detail">OS loads WNIC driver; antenna powers on.</div>
    </div>

    <div class="step-card" onclick="setStep(1)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-num">STEP 2</span>
        <span class="badge badge-pending" id="badge1">Pending</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">Discovery</div>
      <div class="step-detail">WNIC detects beacon; security handshake.</div>
    </div>

    <div class="step-card" onclick="setStep(2)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-num">STEP 3</span>
        <span class="badge badge-pending" id="badge2">Pending</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">DHCP Request</div>
      <div class="step-detail">Client broadcasts IP address request.</div>
    </div>

    <div class="step-card" onclick="setStep(3)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-num">STEP 4</span>
        <span class="badge badge-pending" id="badge3">Pending</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">Active Link</div>
      <div class="step-detail">IP assigned; TCP/IP ready for packets.</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn" id="btnPrev" onclick="stepDelta(-1)" disabled>← Back</button>
    <div class="progress-bar">
      <div class="bar-dot active" onclick="setStep(0)"></div>
      <div class="bar-dot" onclick="setStep(1)"></div>
      <div class="bar-dot" onclick="setStep(2)"></div>
      <div class="bar-dot" onclick="setStep(3)"></div>
    </div>
    <button class="btn btn-primary" id="btnNext" onclick="stepDelta(1)">Next →</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    let currentStep = 0;
    const totalSteps = 4;

    const stepData = [
      {
        laptop: "WNIC: Active",
        router: "DHCP: Ready",
        packetText: "⚡ WNIC Power ON",
        packetPos: "left: 15%; opacity: 1;",
        lapBorder: "#2563eb",
        routBorder: "#cbd5e1"
      },
      {
        laptop: "Handshake",
        router: "SSID Beacon",
        packetText: "📶 Beacon / Auth",
        packetPos: "left: 45%; opacity: 1;",
        lapBorder: "#2563eb",
        routBorder: "#2563eb"
      },
      {
        laptop: "DHCP Discover",
        router: "DHCP Offer",
        packetText: "📨 IP Request ➔",
        packetPos: "left: 48%; opacity: 1;",
        lapBorder: "#2563eb",
        routBorder: "#2563eb"
      },
      {
        laptop: "192.168.1.50",
        router: "Link Active",
        packetText: "✓ Connected",
        packetPos: "left: 42%; opacity: 1; background: #ecfdf5; border-color: #86efac; color: #15803d;",
        lapBorder: "#16a34a",
        routBorder: "#16a34a"
      }
    ];

    function updateView() {
      const d = stepData[currentStep];

      // Update Node labels and styles
      document.getElementById('laptopState').textContent = d.laptop;
      document.getElementById('routerState').textContent = d.router;
      document.getElementById('iconLaptop').style.borderColor = d.lapBorder;
      document.getElementById('iconRouter').style.borderColor = d.routBorder;

      // Update Packet
      const p = document.getElementById('signalPacket');
      p.textContent = d.packetText;
      p.style.cssText = d.packetPos;

      // Update Step Cards & Badges
      const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.step-card');
      const dots = document.querySelectorAll('.bar-dot');

      cards.forEach((card, idx) => {
        const badge = document.getElementById(`badge${idx}`);
        card.classList.toggle('active', idx === currentStep);
        dots[idx].classList.toggle('active', idx === currentStep);

        if (idx < currentStep) {
          badge.className = 'badge badge-complete';
          badge.textContent = 'Done ✓';
        } else if (idx === currentStep) {
          badge.className = 'badge badge-active';
          badge.textContent = 'Active';
        } else {
          badge.className = 'badge badge-pending';
          badge.textContent = 'Pending';
        }
      });

      // Update Buttons
      document.getElementById('btnPrev').disabled = (currentStep === 0);
      const nextBtn = document.getElementById('btnNext');
      if (currentStep === totalSteps - 1) {
        nextBtn.textContent = 'Restart ↺';
      } else {
        nextBtn.textContent = 'Next →';
      }
    }

    function setStep(index) {
      currentStep = index;
      updateView();
    }

    function stepDelta(delta) {
      if (currentStep === totalSteps - 1 && delta > 0) {
        currentStep = 0;
      } else {
        currentStep = Math.max(0, Math.min(totalSteps - 1, currentStep + delta));
      }
      updateView();
    }

    // Initialize
    updateView();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Wired NIC vs Wireless NIC</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #0f172a;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }
    .header {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .header h1 {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }
    .nav-tabs {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 4px;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #0f172a;
    }
    .tab-btn:focus-visible {
      outline: 2px solid #2563eb;
      outline-offset: 1px;
    }
    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(37,99,235,0.3);
    }
    .comparison-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .comparison-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }
    .panel {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .panel-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e293b;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 5px;
    }
    .svg-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 320px;
      height: auto;
      aspect-ratio: 16 / 11;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }
    /* Interactive SVG Elements */
    .interactive-part {
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease, filter 0.2s ease;
    }
    .interactive-part:hover {
      filter: brightness(1.15);
    }
    .interactive-part.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.25;
    }
    .interactive-part.highlighted rect,
    .interactive-part.highlighted path,
    .interactive-part.highlighted polygon {
      stroke: #2563eb !important;
      stroke-width: 2.5px !important;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 4px rgba(37,99,235,0.6));
    }
    /* Continuous Cable Signal Animation */
    .cable-pulse {
      stroke-dasharray: 6, 6;
      animation: signalFlow 0.8s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes signalFlow {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 24; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }
    /* RF Wave Radio Animation */
    .rf-wave {
      transform-origin: 235px 45px;
      animation: radiateRF 2.4s cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1) infinite;
    }
    .rf-wave-2 { animation-delay: 0.8s; }
    .rf-wave-3 { animation-delay: 1.6s; }
    @keyframes radiateRF {
      0% {
        opacity: 0.9;
        transform: scale(0.3);
      }
      80% {
        opacity: 0.3;
      }
      100% {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: scale(1.3);
      }
    }
    /* Info Card */
    .info-card {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 3px;
      font-size: 11px;
    }
    .info-header {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e3a8a;
      font-size: 12px;
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    .info-desc {
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      line-height: 1.35;
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    .info-signal {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1d4ed8;
      background: #dbeafe;
      padding: 2px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      width: fit-content;
      margin-top: 2px;
      font-size: 10px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header">
    <h1>Wired NIC vs Wireless NIC (WNIC)</h1>
    <div class="nav-tabs" role="tablist">
      <button class="tab-btn active" data-filter="all" role="tab" aria-selected="true">All Components</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-filter="bus" role="tab" aria-selected="false">Motherboard Interface</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-filter="chip" role="tab" aria-selected="false">Controller &amp; MAC</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-filter="medium" role="tab" aria-selected="false">Transmission Medium (Port vs Antenna)</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="comparison-grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">🔌 Wired NIC (PCIe / Desktop)</div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 320 220" role="img" aria-label="Wired PCIe Network Interface Card Diagram">
          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="bus" id="wired-bus">
            <rect x="25" y="170" width="160" height="28" rx="2" fill="#1e293b" />
            <text x="105" y="188" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="9" font-weight="600" text-anchor="middle">PCIe Slot (Motherboard)</text>
            
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            <line x1="55" y1="152" x2="55" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="70" y1="152" x2="70" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="85" y1="152" x2="85" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="100" y1="152" x2="100" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="115" y1="152" x2="115" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="130" y1="152" x2="130" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="145" y1="152" x2="145" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="160" y1="152" x2="160" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="105" y="146" fill="#854d0e" font-size="8" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">PCIe Gold Contacts</text>
          </g>

          
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          <rect x="15" y="15" width="18" height="150" rx="2" fill="#94a3b8" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5" />
          
          <path d="M50 130 L75 130 L75 90 M105 130 L105 90 M140 130 L140 85 L125 85" fill="none" stroke="#10b981" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" />

          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="chip" id="wired-chip">
            <rect x="65" y="45" width="80" height="46" rx="3" fill="#0f172a" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="105" y="62" fill="#38bdf8" font-size="9" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">NIC Controller</text>
            <text x="105" y="74" fill="#f8fafc" font-size="7.5" font-family="monospace" text-anchor="middle">MAC Address</text>
            <text x="105" y="84" fill="#cbd5e1" font-size="7" font-family="monospace" text-anchor="middle">00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E</text>
          </g>

          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="medium" id="wired-medium">
            
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            <line x1="14" y1="68" x2="22" y2="68" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            <line x1="14" y1="72" x2="22" y2="72" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            
            
            <path d="M8 68 L-20 68" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="10" stroke-linecap="round" />
            
            <path d="M12 68 L-25 68" fill="none" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="4" class="cable-pulse" />
            <text x="50" y="20" fill="#0369a1" font-size="9" font-weight="700">RJ-45 Port &amp; Cable</text>
            <path d="M22 48 L32 30" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="2,2" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">📶 Wireless NIC (M.2 / Laptop)</div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 320 220" role="img" aria-label="Wireless M.2 Network Interface Card Diagram">
          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="bus" id="wnic-bus">
            <rect x="40" y="170" width="130" height="28" rx="2" fill="#1e293b" />
            <text x="105" y="188" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="9" font-weight="600" text-anchor="middle">M.2 Slot (Motherboard)</text>
            
            <rect x="55" y="152" width="100" height="18" fill="#eab308" stroke="#ca8a04" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="85" y="152" width="6" height="18" fill="#1e293b" />
            <line x1="65" y1="152" x2="65" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="75" y1="152" x2="75" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="105" y1="152" x2="105" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="118" y1="152" x2="118" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="132" y1="152" x2="132" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="145" y1="152" x2="145" y2="170" stroke="#713f12" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="105" y="146" fill="#854d0e" font-size="8" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">M.2 Gold Pins</text>
          </g>

          
          <rect x="50" y="50" width="110" height="102" rx="3" fill="#0284c7" stroke="#0369a1" stroke-width="2" />
          <circle cx="105" cy="56" r="4" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1" />

          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="chip" id="wnic-chip">
            <rect x="62" y="70" width="86" height="48" rx="2" fill="#334155" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="105" y="86" fill="#38bdf8" font-size="9" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">WNIC Controller</text>
            <text x="105" y="98" fill="#f8fafc" font-size="7.5" font-family="monospace" text-anchor="middle">MAC Address</text>
            <text x="105" y="108" fill="#cbd5e1" font-size="7" font-family="monospace" text-anchor="middle">A4:B2:C8:D1:E3:F5</text>
          </g>

          
          <g class="interactive-part" data-part="medium" id="wnic-medium">
            
            <circle cx="75" cy="58" r="3.5" fill="#eab308" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="1" />
            <circle cx="135" cy="58" r="3.5" fill="#eab308" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="1" />
            
            <path d="M75 55 Q 110 30 180 45" fill="none" stroke="#1e293b" stroke-width="2.5" />
            <path d="M135 55 Q 160 38 180 45" fill="none" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="2.5" />
            
            
            <rect x="180" y="38" width="55" height="14" rx="2" fill="#0f172a" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <text x="207" y="49" fill="#f8fafc" font-size="7.5" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">RF Antenna</text>

            
            <path d="M245 35 A 15 15 0 0 1 245 55" fill="none" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" class="rf-wave rf-wave-1" />
            <path d="M255 27 A 25 25 0 0 1 255 63" fill="none" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" class="rf-wave rf-wave-2" />
            <path d="M267 18 A 38 38 0 0 1 267 72" fill="none" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" class="rf-wave rf-wave-3" />
            
            <text x="312" y="16" fill="#1d4ed8" font-size="8" font-weight="700" text-anchor="end">2.4 / 5 GHz Waves</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="info-card" id="infoCard">
    <div class="info-header">
      <span id="infoTitle">All Components Overview</span>
      <span class="info-signal" id="infoSignal">⚡ Electrical &amp; 📡 Radio</span>
    </div>
    <div class="info-desc" id="infoDesc">
      Every NIC bridges a computer's system bus to the network. Wired NICs transmit electrical signals through copper cables, while WNICs broadcast radio frequency (RF) waves through an antenna.
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const explanations = {
      all: {
        title: "All Components Overview",
        signal: "⚡ Electrical & 📡 Radio Waves",
        desc: "Both cards prepare data, format network frames, and provide unique hardware MAC addresses. Wired cards plug into copper Ethernet cables; wireless cards transmit via radio antennas."
      },
      bus: {
        title: "Motherboard Interface (PCIe vs M.2)",
        signal: "⚡ High-Speed Bus Pulses",
        desc: "Gold contact pins physically connect the NIC to the motherboard data bus, allowing binary data to transfer rapidly between the CPU/RAM and the network controller."
      },
      chip: {
        title: "Controller Processing Chip & MAC Address",
        signal: "⚡ Digital Binary Processing",
        desc: "Encodes outgoing data into network frames and checks incoming packets. Every NIC has a unique, hardcoded 48-bit MAC address burned into its ROM at manufacture."
      },
      medium: {
        title: "Transmission Medium (Port vs Antenna)",
        signal: "⚡ Copper Voltages vs 📡 RF Waves (2.4/5GHz)",
        desc: "Wired NICs use an RJ-45 port to push electrical voltage pulses through copper twisted-pair cable. WNICs convert signals into radio waves emitted through an antenna."
      }
    };

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    const infoTitle = document.getElementById('infoTitle');
    const infoSignal = document.getElementById('infoSignal');
    const infoDesc = document.getElementById('infoDesc');

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        const partType = part.getAttribute('data-part');
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    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

CS-11

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams