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<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
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      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
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    .tab-btn:hover {
      color: #0f172a;
      background: #e2e8f0;
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      color: #0284c7;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
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    /* Animations */
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      from { stroke-dashoffset: 20; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
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    @keyframes carrierDrift {
      0% { transform: translateY(-16px); opacity: 0; }
      25% { opacity: 1; }
      75% { opacity: 1; }
      100% { transform: translateY(16px); opacity: 0; }
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      stroke-width: 3;
      stroke-dasharray: 6 5;
      animation: heatFlow 0.8s linear infinite;
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    .carrier-node {
      animation: carrierDrift 2s ease-in-out infinite;
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    body[data-mode="heat"] .layer-carriers { opacity: 0.15; }
    body[data-mode="heat"] .layer-circuit { opacity: 0.35; }

    body[data-mode="carriers"] .layer-heat { opacity: 0.25; }
    body[data-mode="carriers"] .layer-carriers { opacity: 1; }
    body[data-mode="carriers"] .layer-circuit { opacity: 0.35; }

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<body data-mode="heat">

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        <circle cx="415" cy="175" r="13" fill="#dc2626" stroke="#991b1b" stroke-width="2"/>
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    </svg>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="tab-btn active" data-target="heat">Heat Flux</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-target="carriers">Charge Carriers</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" data-target="voltage">Series V_oc</button>
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</body>
</html>

Energy Harvesting Transducers and Power Conditioning

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100vh;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 12px 8px;
    }

    .diagram-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .main-svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      user-select: none;
    }

    /* Beam bending oscillation animation */
    @keyframes oscillateBeam {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0px) rotate(0deg); }
      25% { transform: translateY(-15px) rotate(-3.2deg); }
      75% { transform: translateY(15px) rotate(3.2deg); }
    }

    .moving-group {
      transform-origin: 90px 103px;
      animation: oscillateBeam 3.2s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

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      animation-play-state: paused;
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      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 4px;
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      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #334155;
      padding: 6px 16px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background-color 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease;
    }
    .btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-color: #94a3b8;
    }
    .btn:active {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-container">
    <svg class="main-svg" viewBox="0 0 540 395" aria-label="Piezoelectric Cantilever Vibration Harvester and Equivalent Circuit Diagram">
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        <text x="16" y="22" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#475569" letter-spacing="0.06em">1. MECHANICAL HARVESTER</text>

        
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            <text x="10" y="34" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7">z(t)</text>
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        <text x="16" y="24" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#475569" letter-spacing="0.06em">2. EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT MODEL</text>

        
        
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        <text x="84" y="104" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#7e22ce" text-anchor="middle">q(t)</text>
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        <text x="472" y="104" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#1e293b">V<tspan font-size="10" dy="3">out</tspan></text>
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    <div class="controls">
      <button class="btn" id="toggleBtn" onclick="toggleMotion()">
        <span id="btnIcon" aria-hidden="true">⏸</span> <span id="btnText">Pause Vibration</span>
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>

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      const icon = document.getElementById('btnIcon');
      const text = document.getElementById('btnText');
      
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
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        icon.textContent = '⏸';
        text.textContent = 'Pause Vibration';
      } else {
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        icon.textContent = '▶';
        text.textContent = 'Oscillate Beam';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Micro-Power Conditioning Architecture</title>
  <style>
    * {
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    @keyframes dash {
      to { stroke-dashoffset: -28; }
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    .pulse-load {
      animation: gentleDutyCycle 4.5s ease-in-out infinite;
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    @keyframes gentleDutyCycle {
      0%, 65% { opacity: 0.55; }
      80%, 90% { opacity: 1; }
      100% { opacity: 0.55; }
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      .btn {
        padding: 4px 8px;
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    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toolbar">
    <button class="btn active" id="btn-all" onclick="setSource('all')">All Sources</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-pv" onclick="setSource('pv')">☀️ PV (DC)</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-teg" onclick="setSource('teg')">🔥 TEG (Low DC)</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-piezo" onclick="setSource('piezo')">⚡ Piezo (AC)</button>
  </div>

  <div class="mobile-hint">↔ Scroll horizontally to view full signal path</div>

  <div class="diagram-scroll-container">
    <div class="diagram-wrapper">
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          <text x="77" y="64" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#b45309" text-anchor="middle">DC (0.5V)</text>
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          <text x="77" y="167" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#9a3412" text-anchor="middle">TEG</text>
          <text x="77" y="184" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#c2410c" text-anchor="middle">Low DC (20mV)</text>
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          <text x="77" y="304" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#7e22ce" text-anchor="middle">AC (~3V pk)</text>
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          <text x="195" y="289" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#6d28d9" text-anchor="middle">Active</text>
          <text x="195" y="305" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#6d28d9" text-anchor="middle">Rectifier</text>
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          <text x="330" y="148" font-size="13" font-weight="800" fill="#0369a1" text-anchor="middle">MPPT Boost</text>
          <text x="330" y="168" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">DC-DC</text>
          <text x="330" y="188" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#0c4a6e" text-anchor="middle">Converter</text>
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          <text x="330" y="216" font-size="10" font-weight="700" fill="#0369a1" text-anchor="middle">η &gt; 85%</text>
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        <g id="grp-clamp" class="block">
          <rect x="425" y="25" width="115" height="55" rx="6" fill="#fef2f2" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="1.5"/>
          <text x="482" y="47" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#b91c1c" text-anchor="middle">OVP Clamp</text>
          <text x="482" y="65" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#dc2626" text-anchor="middle">&lt; 4.2V Limit</text>
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          <text x="482" y="148" font-size="13" font-weight="800" fill="#065f46" text-anchor="middle">Storage</text>
          <text x="482" y="168" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#047857" text-anchor="middle">Supercapacitor</text>
          <text x="482" y="184" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#047857" text-anchor="middle">/ Thin-Film</text>
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          <text x="482" y="216" font-size="10" font-weight="700" fill="#065f46" text-anchor="middle">Li-Ion Cell</text>
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          <text x="627" y="146" font-size="12" font-weight="800" fill="#115e59" text-anchor="middle">Ultra-Low</text>
          <text x="627" y="164" font-size="12" font-weight="800" fill="#115e59" text-anchor="middle">
            I<tspan font-size="9" dy="2">Q</tspan><tspan dy="-2"> LDO</tspan>
          </text>
          <text x="627" y="186" font-size="10" font-weight="600" fill="#0f766e" text-anchor="middle">I<tspan font-size="8" dy="2">Q</tspan><tspan dy="-2"> &lt; 1 µA</tspan></text>
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          <text x="627" y="216" font-size="11" font-weight="800" fill="#0f766e" text-anchor="middle">3.3V Output</text>
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          <text x="777" y="142" font-size="12" font-weight="800" fill="#1e293b" text-anchor="middle">Sensor MCU</text>
          <text x="777" y="158" font-size="12" font-weight="800" fill="#1e293b" text-anchor="middle">&amp; RF TX</text>
          
          
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            <circle cx="743" cy="198" r="10" fill="#0284c7"/>
            <text x="743" y="202" font-size="11" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff">📡</text>
            <text x="784" y="191" font-size="10" font-weight="700" fill="#0369a1" text-anchor="middle">Duty-Cycled</text>
            <text x="784" y="207" font-size="9" font-weight="600" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">0.1% Burst</text>
          </g>
        </g>
      </svg>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="status-banner" id="status-text">
    Displaying complete conditioning chain: Transducers → MPPT Boost → Storage &amp; OVP → Regulated 3.3V Output
  </div>

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      pv: "Solar Photovoltaic (DC ~0.5V): Boosted via MPPT algorithm into high-efficiency energy storage.",
      teg: "Thermoelectric Generator (Low DC ~20mV): Ultra-low voltage boost startup enables thermal harvesting.",
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</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
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      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 12px;
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      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
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    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
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    .btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 12px;
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    svg {
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    .power-rect {
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      stroke-width: 1.5;
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      stroke-width: 3.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      transition: d 0.4s ease;
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    .mpp-dot {
      fill: #ef4444;
      stroke: #ffffff;
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    .mpp-tag {
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      font-weight: 700;
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      transition: x 0.4s ease, y 0.4s ease;
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    .badge-bar {
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      max-width: 480px;
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      padding: 6px 12px;
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    .metric {
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      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .metric-val {
      color: #10b981;
      font-weight: 700;
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  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button id="btnIndoor" class="btn" onclick="setMode('indoor')">
      💡 Indoor <span style="font-size:11px;opacity:0.85;">(10 W/m²)</span>
    </button>
    <button id="btnOutdoor" class="btn active" onclick="setMode('outdoor')">
      ☀️ Outdoor <span style="font-size:11px;opacity:0.85;">(1000 W/m²)</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  <div class="graph-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 460 260">
      
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      <line x1="50" y1="75" x2="430" y2="75" class="grid-line" />

      
      <text x="50" y="226" text-anchor="middle" class="tick-label">0</text>
      <text x="145" y="226" text-anchor="middle" class="tick-label">0.2</text>
      <text x="240" y="226" text-anchor="middle" class="tick-label">0.4</text>
      <text x="335" y="226" text-anchor="middle" class="tick-label">0.6</text>
      <text x="430" y="226" text-anchor="middle" class="tick-label" id="xMaxLabel">0.8V</text>

      <text x="42" y="214" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label">0</text>
      <text x="42" y="124" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label" id="yMidLabel">20</text>
      <text x="42" y="34" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label" id="yMaxLabel">40</text>

      
      <rect id="powerRect" class="power-rect" x="50" y="55" width="280" height="155" />

      
      <path id="ivCurve" class="iv-curve" d="" />

      
      <circle id="mppDot" class="mpp-dot" cx="330" cy="55" r="6" />
      <text id="mppTag" class="mpp-tag" x="330" y="42" text-anchor="middle">MPP</text>

      
      <text x="240" y="250" text-anchor="middle" class="axis-label">Voltage (V)</text>
      <text x="18" y="120" text-anchor="middle" class="axis-label" transform="rotate(-90 18 120)" id="yAxisTitle">Current (mA/cm²)</text>
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  </div>

  <div class="badge-bar">
    <div class="metric"><span>V<sub>mp</sub>:</span> <span id="vmpVal" class="metric-val">0.50 V</span></div>
    <div class="metric"><span>I<sub>mp</sub>:</span> <span id="impVal" class="metric-val">32.0 mA</span></div>
    <div class="metric"><span>P<sub>max</sub>:</span> <span id="pmaxVal" class="metric-val">16.0 mW</span></div>
  </div>

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      outdoor: {
        voc: 0.62,
        isc: 36.0,
        vmp: 0.50,
        imp: 32.0,
        pmax: '16.0 mW/cm²',
        vmpStr: '0.50 V',
        impStr: '32.0 mA/cm²',
        yMid: '20',
        yMax: '40',
        yUnit: 'Current (mA/cm²)',
        yScaleMax: 40,
        xScaleMax: 0.8
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      indoor: {
        voc: 0.45,
        isc: 0.35,
        vmp: 0.36,
        imp: 0.30,
        pmax: '108 µW/cm²',
        vmpStr: '0.36 V',
        impStr: '300 µA/cm²',
        yMid: '0.2',
        yMax: '0.4',
        yUnit: 'Current (mA/cm²)',
        yScaleMax: 0.4,
        xScaleMax: 0.8
      }
    };

    function vToX(v, xMax) {
      return 50 + (v / xMax) * 380;
    }

    function iToY(i, yMax) {
      return 210 - (i / yMax) * 180;
    }

    function calculateCurvePath(modeKey) {
      const d = data[modeKey];
      const pts = [];
      const steps = 40;
      const I0 = d.isc * Math.exp(-d.voc / 0.045);
      
      for (let s = 0; s <= steps; s++) {
        const v = (s / steps) * d.voc;
        const current = Math.max(0, d.isc - I0 * (Math.exp(v / 0.045) - 1));
        const x = vToX(v, d.xScaleMax);
        const y = iToY(current, d.yScaleMax);
        pts.push(`${s === 0 ? 'M' : 'L'} ${x.toFixed(1)} ${y.toFixed(1)}`);
      }
      return pts.join(' ');
    }

    function setMode(mode) {
      document.getElementById('btnIndoor').classList.toggle('active', mode === 'indoor');
      document.getElementById('btnOutdoor').classList.toggle('active', mode === 'outdoor');

      const d = data[mode];
      const xMp = vToX(d.vmp, d.xScaleMax);
      const yMp = iToY(d.imp, d.yScaleMax);
      const originX = 50;
      const originY = 210;

      // Update Power Rect
      const rect = document.getElementById('powerRect');
      rect.setAttribute('x', originX);
      rect.setAttribute('y', yMp);
      rect.setAttribute('width', xMp - originX);
      rect.setAttribute('height', originY - yMp);

      // Update Curve
      document.getElementById('ivCurve').setAttribute('d', calculateCurvePath(mode));

      // Update MPP Dot & Label
      const dot = document.getElementById('mppDot');
      dot.setAttribute('cx', xMp);
      dot.setAttribute('cy', yMp);

      const tag = document.getElementById('mppTag');
      tag.setAttribute('x', xMp);
      tag.setAttribute('y', yMp - 12);

      // Update Axes Labels
      document.getElementById('yMidLabel').textContent = d.yMid;
      document.getElementById('yMaxLabel').textContent = d.yMax;
      document.getElementById('yAxisTitle').textContent = d.yUnit;

      // Update Metrics
      document.getElementById('vmpVal').textContent = d.vmpStr;
      document.getElementById('impVal').textContent = d.impStr;
      document.getElementById('pmaxVal').textContent = d.pmax;
    }

    // Init
    setMode('outdoor');
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
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      background: #f1f5f9;
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      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
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      background: #0284c7;
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    svg {
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      stroke-width: 2.5;
      fill: none;
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      stroke-dasharray: 7 7;
      animation: flow 1.2s linear infinite;
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      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
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      fill: #ffffff;
      stroke-width: 2.2;
    }
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      stroke-width: 2;
      rx: 4;
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      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
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      padding: 10px 14px;
      margin-top: 10px;
      text-align: center;
      min-height: 52px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 4px;
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      font-weight: 600;
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      font-style: italic;
      font-family: "Cambria Math", "Times New Roman", serif;
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      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="step-btn active" id="btn-all" onclick="setMode('all')">Overview</button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-i" onclick="setMode('i')">1. Current <i>I</i><sub>L</sub></button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-v" onclick="setMode('v')">2. Burden <i>V</i><sub>b</sub></button>
    <button class="step-btn" id="btn-p" onclick="setMode('p')">3. Power <i>P</i><sub>true</sub></button>
  </div>

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    <svg viewBox="0 0 560 270" aria-label="DC Circuit Configuration 2 Diagram">
      
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      <path class="wire" d="M 50 120 L 50 75 L 510 75 L 510 230 L 50 230 L 50 160" />
      
      
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      <circle cx="510" cy="75" r="3.5" fill="#1e293b" />

      
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        <line x1="32" y1="125" x2="68" y2="125" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
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        <text x="20" y="118" font-size="15" font-weight="bold" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">+</text>
        <text x="20" y="166" font-size="16" font-weight="bold" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">−</text>
        <text x="20" y="142" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#334155" text-anchor="middle">DC</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-vm-comp">
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        <text x="315" y="30" font-size="14" font-weight="bold" fill="#7c3aed" text-anchor="middle">V</text>
        <text x="315" y="-2" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#7c3aed" text-anchor="middle">
          <tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">meas</tspan>
        </text>
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        <line x1="75" y1="62" x2="105" y2="62" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
        <text x="90" y="52" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">
          <tspan font-style="italic">I</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">meas</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> = </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">I</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">L</tspan>
        </text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-am-comp">
        <circle cx="210" cy="75" r="18" class="meter-circle" stroke="#0284c7" />
        <text x="210" y="80" font-size="14" font-weight="bold" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle">A</text>
        <text x="210" y="103" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">
          (<tspan font-style="italic">R</tspan><tspan font-size="9" dy="2">A</tspan><tspan font-size="11" dy="-2">)</tspan>
        </text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-load-comp">
        <rect x="375" y="61" width="70" height="28" class="comp-box" stroke="#16a34a" />
        <text x="410" y="79" font-size="13" font-weight="bold" fill="#16a34a" text-anchor="middle">
          <tspan font-style="italic">R</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">L</tspan>
        </text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-vb" class="anim-group">
        <path class="bracket" stroke="#ea580c" d="M 175 110 L 175 116 L 245 116 L 245 110" />
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          <tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">b</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> = </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">I</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">meas</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> · </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">R</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">A</tspan>
        </text>
        <text x="210" y="157" font-size="10.5" font-weight="600" fill="#c2410c" text-anchor="middle">Burden Voltage</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-vl" class="anim-group">
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          <tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">L</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> = </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">meas</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> − </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">b</tspan>
        </text>
        <text x="410" y="157" font-size="10.5" font-weight="600" fill="#15803d" text-anchor="middle">True Load Voltage</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-vmeas" class="anim-group">
        <path class="bracket" stroke="#7c3aed" d="M 120 180 L 120 188 L 510 188 L 510 180" />
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        <rect x="220" y="195" width="190" height="26" rx="5" fill="#faf5ff" stroke="#7c3aed" stroke-width="1.2" />
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          <tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">meas</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> = </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">b</tspan><tspan font-size="12" dy="-2"> + </tspan><tspan font-style="italic">V</tspan><tspan font-size="10" dy="2">L</tspan>
        </text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="formula-card">
    <div class="formula-title" id="formula-heading">Configuration 2 Power Relationship</div>
    <div class="formula-math" id="formula-text"></div>
  </div>

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      },
      i: {
        title: "Step 1: Current Measurement",
        html: "<span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>meas</sub> = <span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>L</sub> &nbsp;—&nbsp; Ammeter is in series with load, carrying <strong>only</strong> the true load current."
      },
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        title: "Step 2: Burden Voltage Error",
        html: "<span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>meas</sub> = <span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>L</sub> + <span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>b</sub> &nbsp; where &nbsp; <span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>b</sub> = <span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>meas</sub> · <span class='math-sym'>R</span><sub>A</sub> (Ammeter burden drop)"
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        title: "Step 3: Power Correction",
        html: "<span class='math-sym'>P</span><sub>true</sub> = <span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>L</sub> · <span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>L</sub> = (<span class='math-sym'>V</span><sub>meas</sub> − <span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>meas</sub><span class='math-sym'>R</span><sub>A</sub>)<span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>meas</sub> = <span class='math-sym'>P</span><sub>meas</sub> − <span class='math-sym'>I</span><sub>meas</sub><sup>2</sup><span class='math-sym'>R</span><sub>A</sub>"
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</html>

Measuring DC Power with Separate Voltmeter and Ammeter

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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      font-size: 13px;
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    /* Legend */
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      display: flex;
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      background: #ffffff;
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</head>
<body>

<div class="main-wrap">
  
  <div class="decision-panel">
    <div>
      <div id="zoneTitle" class="decision-title">Optimal: Voltmeter Across Load</div>
      <div id="zoneSub" class="decision-sub">Minimizes shunt loading error</div>
    </div>
    <div id="zoneBadge" class="badge badge-v">Config 1</div>
  </div>

  
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      <line x1="50" y1="15" x2="50" y2="165" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1"/>

      
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      <line x1="50" y1="45" x2="480" y2="45" stroke="#f1f5f9" stroke-width="1"/>

      
      <text x="157" y="28" font-size="10" font-weight="600" fill="#3b82f6" text-anchor="middle">ZONE 1: R_L &lt; R_X</text>
      <text x="372" y="28" font-size="10" font-weight="600" fill="#d97706" text-anchor="middle">ZONE 2: R_L &gt; R_X</text>

      
      
      <line x1="50" y1="165" x2="480" y2="15" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2.5"/>
      
      <line x1="50" y1="15" x2="480" y2="165" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2.5"/>

      
      <circle cx="265" cy="90" r="4" fill="#64748b"/>
      <text x="265" y="82" font-size="9" fill="#475569" text-anchor="middle" font-family="monospace">R_X = 316.2 Ω</text>

      
      <line id="cursorLine" x1="150" y1="15" x2="150" y2="165" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="2,2"/>
      <circle id="dotV" cx="150" cy="130" r="5" fill="#2563eb" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"/>
      <circle id="dotA" cx="150" cy="50" r="5" fill="#d97706" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"/>

      
      <text x="45" y="168" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">0.001%</text>
      <text x="45" y="138" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">0.01%</text>
      <text x="45" y="108" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">0.1%</text>
      <text x="45" y="78" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">1%</text>
      <text x="45" y="48" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">10%</text>
      <text x="45" y="18" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="end">100%</text>

      <text x="50" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">0.1Ω</text>
      <text x="121.7" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">1Ω</text>
      <text x="193.3" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">10Ω</text>
      <text x="265" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">100Ω</text>
      <text x="336.7" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">1kΩ</text>
      <text x="408.3" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">10kΩ</text>
      <text x="480" y="180" font-size="9" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">100kΩ</text>
    </svg>

    <div class="legend-row">
      <div class="legend-item">
        <div class="legend-color" style="background: #2563eb;"></div>
        <span>Config 1: Voltmeter across Load (R_L / R_V)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="legend-item">
        <div class="legend-color" style="background: #d97706;"></div>
        <span>Config 2: Ammeter near Load (R_A / R_L)</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <div class="slider-header">
      <span>Load Resistance (R_L):</span>
      <span class="val" id="rlDisplay">10.0 Ω</span>
    </div>
    <input type="range" id="rlSlider" min="-1" max="5" step="0.01" value="1">
    <div class="ticks">
      <span>0.1 Ω</span>
      <span>10 Ω</span>
      <span>R_X (316 Ω)</span>
      <span>10 kΩ</span>
      <span>100 kΩ</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="metrics-grid">
    <div class="metric-card" id="cardV">
      <div class="metric-name">Config 1 (V across Load)</div>
      <div class="metric-val" id="errVVal" style="color: #2563eb;">0.010%</div>
    </div>
    <div class="metric-card" id="cardA">
      <div class="metric-name">Config 2 (A near Load)</div>
      <div class="metric-val" id="errAVal" style="color: #d97706;">10.0%</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<script>
  const RA = 1.0;          // 1 Ohm
  const RV = 100000.0;     // 100 kOhm
  const RX = Math.sqrt(RA * RV); // 316.2277...

  // Graph geometry
  const X_MIN = 50;
  const X_MAX = 480;
  const Y_TOP = 15;
  const Y_BOT = 165;

  const slider = document.getElementById('rlSlider');
  const rlDisplay = document.getElementById('rlDisplay');
  const cursorLine = document.getElementById('cursorLine');
  const dotV = document.getElementById('dotV');
  const dotA = document.getElementById('dotA');
  const errVVal = document.getElementById('errVVal');
  const errAVal = document.getElementById('errAVal');
  const cardV = document.getElementById('cardV');
  const cardA = document.getElementById('cardA');
  const zoneTitle = document.getElementById('zoneTitle');
  const zoneSub = document.getElementById('zoneSub');
  const zoneBadge = document.getElementById('zoneBadge');

  function formatOhms(r) {
    if (r >= 1000) {
      return (r / 1000).toFixed(r >= 10000 ? 1 : 2) + ' kΩ';
    } else if (r >= 1) {
      return r.toFixed(r >= 100 ? 1 : 2) + ' Ω';
    } else {
      return r.toFixed(2) + ' Ω';
    }
  }

  function formatError(e) {
    if (e < 0.001) return '< 0.001%';
    if (e > 100) return '> 100%';
    if (e >= 10) return e.toFixed(1) + '%';
    if (e >= 1) return e.toFixed(2) + '%';
    return e.toFixed(3) + '%';
  }

  function update() {
    const logRL = parseFloat(slider.value); // -1 to 5
    const RL = Math.pow(10, logRL);

    // Errors (percentage)
    const errV = (RL / RV) * 100;
    const errA = (RA / RL) * 100;

    // Display values
    rlDisplay.textContent = formatOhms(RL);
    errVVal.textContent = formatError(errV);
    errAVal.textContent = formatError(errA);

    // Compute SVG positions
    // X mapping: logRL from -1 to 5 (span of 6)
    const xPos = X_MIN + ((logRL - (-1)) / 6) * (X_MAX - X_MIN);

    // Y mapping: log10(Error%) from -3 (0.001%) to 2 (100%) (span of 5)
    function errToY(err) {
      const clampedErr = Math.max(0.001, Math.min(100, err));
      const logE = Math.log10(clampedErr);
      return Y_BOT - ((logE - (-3)) / 5) * (Y_BOT - Y_TOP);
    }

    const yV = errToY(errV);
    const yA = errToY(errA);

    // Update cursor & dots
    cursorLine.setAttribute('x1', xPos);
    cursorLine.setAttribute('x2', xPos);
    dotV.setAttribute('cx', xPos);
    dotV.setAttribute('cy', yV);
    dotA.setAttribute('cx', xPos);
    dotA.setAttribute('cy', yA);

    // Update Decision Banner & Highlighting
    if (RL < RX) {
      zoneTitle.textContent = 'Optimal: Voltmeter Across Load';
      zoneSub.textContent = 'Minimizes shunt loading error (R_L < R_X)';
      zoneBadge.textContent = 'Config 1';
      zoneBadge.className = 'badge badge-v';
      cardV.classList.add('best');
      cardA.classList.remove('best');
    } else {
      zoneTitle.textContent = 'Optimal: Ammeter Near Load';
      zoneSub.textContent = 'Minimizes ammeter burden error (R_L > R_X)';
      zoneBadge.textContent = 'Config 2';
      zoneBadge.className = 'badge badge-a';
      cardA.classList.add('best');
      cardV.classList.remove('best');
    }
  }

  slider.addEventListener('input', update);
  update();
</script>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    @media (max-width: 540px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .meter-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }

    .card-title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .section {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #edf2f7;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 4px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .label-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      min-height: 24px;
    }

    .v-color { color: #0284c7; }
    .a-color { color: #d97706; }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 64px;
      display: block;
    }

    .interactive-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      user-select: none;
      color: #1e2945;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
      transition: background-color 0.15s, border-color 0.15s;
    }

    .interactive-btn:hover {
      background-color: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .interactive-btn.active-v {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .interactive-btn.active-a {
      background: #fef3c7;
      border-color: #d97706;
      color: #d97706;
    }

    .tooltip-box {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 500;
      padding: 6px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      display: none;
      line-height: 1.35;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .tooltip-box.show {
      display: block;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="meter-card">
      <div class="card-title">
        <span>Ideal Meters</span>
        <span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; color: #64748b;">Zero Loss</span>
      </div>

      
      <div class="section">
        <div class="label-row">
          <span class="v-color">Voltmeter</span>
          <span>R<sub>V</sub> = &infin;</span>
        </div>
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 64">
          
          <line x1="20" y1="30" x2="102" y2="30" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          <line x1="138" y1="30" x2="220" y2="30" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          
          <circle cx="120" cy="30" r="17" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="120" y="35" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0284c7" font-size="14" font-weight="bold">V</text>
          
          <text x="120" y="56" text-anchor="middle" fill="#64748b" font-size="10">I<sub>leak</sub> = 0 A</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      
      <div class="section">
        <div class="label-row">
          <span class="a-color">Ammeter</span>
          <span>R<sub>A</sub> = 0 &Omega;</span>
        </div>
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 64">
          
          <line x1="20" y1="30" x2="102" y2="30" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          <line x1="138" y1="30" x2="220" y2="30" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          
          <circle cx="120" cy="30" r="17" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="120" y="35" text-anchor="middle" fill="#d97706" font-size="14" font-weight="bold">A</text>
          
          <text x="120" y="56" text-anchor="middle" fill="#64748b" font-size="10">V<sub>drop</sub> = 0 V</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="meter-card">
      <div class="card-title">
        <span>Real Meters</span>
        <span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; color: #64748b;">Internal Loading</span>
      </div>

      
      <div class="section">
        <div class="label-row">
          <span class="v-color">Real Voltmeter</span>
          <button class="interactive-btn" id="btnShunt" onclick="toggleTooltip('shunt')">
            <span>🔍 Shunt Loading</span>
          </button>
        </div>
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 64">
          
          <line x1="15" y1="28" x2="45" y2="28" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          <line x1="195" y1="28" x2="225" y2="28" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          <circle cx="45" cy="28" r="2.5" fill="#0284c7" />
          <circle cx="195" cy="28" r="2.5" fill="#0284c7" />
          
          
          <path d="M45,28 L45,15 L108,15" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <circle cx="120" cy="15" r="11" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.8" />
          <text x="120" y="19" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0284c7" font-size="11" font-weight="bold">V</text>
          <path d="M132,15 L195,15 L195,28" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" />
          
          
          <path d="M45,28 L45,41 L95,41" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <rect x="95" y="35" width="50" height="12" fill="#e0f2fe" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" rx="2" id="shuntRes" />
          <text x="120" y="44.5" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0284c7" font-size="9" font-weight="bold">R_V</text>
          <path d="M145,41 L195,41 L195,28" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" />
          
          
          <text x="120" y="58" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0284c7" font-size="9.5" font-weight="600">~10 M&Omega;</text>
        </svg>
        <div id="tipShunt" class="tooltip-box">
          <b>Shunt Loading:</b> Meter draws tiny leakage current (<i>I</i><sub>V</sub> = <i>V</i> / <i>R</i><sub>V</sub>), slightly altering high-impedance circuit nodes.
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="section">
        <div class="label-row">
          <span class="a-color">Real Ammeter</span>
          <button class="interactive-btn" id="btnBurden" onclick="toggleTooltip('burden')">
            <span>🔍 Burden Voltage</span>
          </button>
        </div>
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 64">
          
          <line x1="15" y1="28" x2="62" y2="28" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          
          <circle cx="75" cy="28" r="13" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="1.8" />
          <text x="75" y="32" text-anchor="middle" fill="#d97706" font-size="12" font-weight="bold">A</text>
          
          
          <line x1="88" y1="28" x2="118" y2="28" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          <rect x="118" y="22" width="50" height="12" fill="#fef3c7" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="1.5" rx="2" id="burdenRes" />
          <text x="143" y="31.5" text-anchor="middle" fill="#d97706" font-size="9" font-weight="bold">R_A</text>
          
          <line x1="168" y1="28" x2="225" y2="28" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" />
          
          
          <text x="143" y="48" text-anchor="middle" fill="#d97706" font-size="9.5" font-weight="600">0.1 – 5 &Omega;</text>
        </svg>
        <div id="tipBurden" class="tooltip-box">
          <b>Burden Voltage:</b> Internal resistance drops small voltage (<i>V</i><sub>burden</sub> = <i>I</i> &middot; <i>R</i><sub>A</sub>), reducing current delivered to load.
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function toggleTooltip(type) {
      const tipS = document.getElementById('tipShunt');
      const tipB = document.getElementById('tipBurden');
      const btnS = document.getElementById('btnShunt');
      const btnB = document.getElementById('btnBurden');
      const resS = document.getElementById('shuntRes');
      const resB = document.getElementById('burdenRes');

      if (type === 'shunt') {
        const isShown = tipS.classList.toggle('show');
        btnS.classList.toggle('active-v', isShown);
        resS.setAttribute('fill', isShown ? '#bae6fd' : '#e0f2fe');
        resS.setAttribute('stroke-width', isShown ? '2.5' : '1.5');
      } else if (type === 'burden') {
        const isShown = tipB.classList.toggle('show');
        btnB.classList.toggle('active-a', isShown);
        resB.setAttribute('fill', isShown ? '#fde68a' : '#fef3c7');
        resB.setAttribute('stroke-width', isShown ? '2.5' : '1.5');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Downstream Voltmeter Circuit Analysis</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #0f172a;
      padding: 14px 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
      min-height: 100vh;
      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    }

    /* Mode Segmented Controls */
    .controls-wrapper {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
    }
    .toggle-group {
      display: inline-flex;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      padding: 3px;
      border-radius: 9999px;
      gap: 2px;
      max-width: 100%;
    }
    .toggle-btn {
      padding: 6px 16px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border: none;
      background: transparent;
      color: #64748b;
      border-radius: 9999px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
      white-space: nowrap;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .toggle-btn sub {
      font-size: 10px;
      line-height: 0;
    }
    .toggle-btn.active {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #0f172a;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    }

    /* Circuit Area */
    .circuit-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    /* Gentle Current Flow Animations */
    .flow-line {
      stroke-dasharray: 8 8;
      animation: flowCycle 3s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes flowCycle {
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: -32;
      }
    }
    .flow-v {
      transition: opacity 0.35s ease;
    }
    .flow-v.faded {
      opacity: 0;
    }

    /* Mathematical Analysis Section (Clean layout without card borders) */
    .math-section {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.2fr;
      gap: 16px;
      padding-top: 4px;
    }
    .math-block {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .math-heading {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      color: #64748b;
    }
    .math-formula {
      font-size: 14px;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 4px;
      min-height: 28px;
    }
    .math-var {
      font-family: "Cambria Math", "Times New Roman", serif;
      font-style: italic;
    }
    .math-var sub, .math-var sup {
      font-size: 0.75em;
      font-style: normal;
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }
    .fraction {
      display: inline-flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      vertical-align: middle;
      text-align: center;
      padding: 0 3px;
      font-size: 0.9em;
    }
    .fraction .numerator {
      border-bottom: 1.5px solid #1e293b;
      padding-bottom: 1px;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }
    .fraction .denominator {
      padding-top: 1px;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }

    /* Color Tokens for Equation Variables */
    .col-meas { color: #0284c7; font-weight: 600; }
    .col-load { color: #16a34a; font-weight: 600; }
    .col-volt { color: #ea580c; font-weight: 600; }

    /* Explanatory Note */
    .note-section {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      font-size: 12.5px;
      line-height: 1.45;
      color: #475569;
      border-left: 3px solid #cbd5e1;
      padding-left: 10px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .math-section {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
      .toggle-btn {
        padding: 5px 10px;
        font-size: 12px;
      }
      .math-formula {
        font-size: 13px;
      }
      .note-section {
        font-size: 11.5px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls-wrapper">
    <div class="toggle-group" role="tablist" aria-label="Voltmeter Idealness Selection">
      <button id="btnPractical" class="toggle-btn active" onclick="setMode('practical')">
        Practical Voltmeter (Finite <i>R</i><sub>V</sub>)
      </button>
      <button id="btnIdeal" class="toggle-btn" onclick="setMode('ideal')">
        Ideal Voltmeter (<i>R</i><sub>V</sub> &rarr; &infin;)
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="circuit-wrapper">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 540 220" role="img" aria-label="Downstream voltmeter DC circuit schematic">
      
      <g stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round">
        
        <path d="M 60 110 L 60 40 L 140 40" />
        <path d="M 180 40 L 300 40" />
        
        
        <path d="M 300 40 L 300 85" />
        <path d="M 300 145 L 300 190" />
        
        
        <path d="M 300 40 L 440 40 L 440 85" />
        <path d="M 440 135 L 440 190 L 300 190" />
        
        
        <path d="M 300 190 L 60 190 L 60 130" />
      </g>

      
      
      <path class="flow-line" d="M 60 110 L 60 40 L 140 40 M 180 40 L 300 40" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" />
      <path class="flow-line" d="M 300 190 L 60 190 L 60 130" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" />

      
      <path class="flow-line" d="M 300 40 L 300 85 M 300 145 L 300 190" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" />

      
      <path id="flowVoltmeter" class="flow-line flow-v" d="M 300 40 L 440 40 L 440 85 M 440 135 L 440 190 L 300 190" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" />

      
      <circle cx="300" cy="40" r="4.5" fill="#1e293b" />
      <circle cx="300" cy="190" r="4.5" fill="#1e293b" />

      
      <line x1="44" y1="110" x2="76" y2="110" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="3" />
      <line x1="51" y1="130" x2="69" y2="130" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="2" />
      <text x="32" y="108" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="#0f172a">+</text>
      <text x="34" y="137" font-size="16" font-weight="700" fill="#64748b">−</text>
      <text x="18" y="123" font-size="11" font-weight="700" fill="#475569">DC</text>

      
      <circle cx="160" cy="40" r="18" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" />
      <text x="160" y="46" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif">A</text>
      
      <text x="160" y="15" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#0284c7" text-anchor="middle" font-family="'Times New Roman', serif" font-style="italic">
        I<tspan font-size="9.5" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif" font-style="normal" dy="2.5">meas</tspan>
      </text>

      
      <rect x="288" y="85" width="24" height="60" fill="#ecfdf5" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="2.5" rx="3" />
      
      <text x="300" y="120" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#16a34a" text-anchor="middle" font-family="'Times New Roman', serif" font-style="italic">
        R<tspan font-size="9.5" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif" font-style="normal" dy="2">L</tspan>
      </text>
      
      <text x="272" y="120" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#16a34a" text-anchor="end" font-family="'Times New Roman', serif" font-style="italic">
        I<tspan font-size="9.5" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif" font-style="normal" dy="2">L</tspan>
      </text>

      
      <circle cx="440" cy="110" r="22" fill="#fff7ed" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.5" />
      <text x="440" y="116" font-size="16" font-weight="700" fill="#ea580c" text-anchor="middle" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif">V</text>
      
      
      <text id="svgTxtIv" x="474" y="114" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#ea580c" font-family="'Times New Roman', serif" font-style="italic">
        I<tspan font-size="9.5" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif" font-style="normal" dy="2">V</tspan>
      </text>

      
      <text id="svgTxtRv" x="440" y="152" font-size="11" font-weight="600" fill="#ea580c" text-anchor="middle" font-family="-apple-system, sans-serif">
        (R<tspan font-size="8.5" dy="1.5">V</tspan><tspan dy="-1.5"> finite)</tspan>
      </text>
    </svg>
  </div>

  
  <div class="math-section">
    <div class="math-block">
      <div class="math-heading">Current at Node</div>
      <div id="mathCurrent" class="math-formula">
        
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="math-block">
      <div class="math-heading">True Load Power (<i>P</i><sub>true</sub>)</div>
      <div id="mathPower" class="math-formula">
        
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div id="noteText" class="note-section">
    The ammeter measures both load current and voltmeter current (<span class="math-var">I<sub>meas</sub> = I<sub>L</sub> + I<sub>V</sub></span>), causing power calculated as <span class="math-var">P<sub>meas</sub> = V<sub>meas</sub> &middot; I<sub>meas</sub></span> to systematically overestimate load power.
  </div>

  <script>
    function setMode(mode) {
      const btnPractical = document.getElementById('btnPractical');
      const btnIdeal = document.getElementById('btnIdeal');
      const flowV = document.getElementById('flowVoltmeter');
      const svgTxtIv = document.getElementById('svgTxtIv');
      const svgTxtRv = document.getElementById('svgTxtRv');
      const mathCurrent = document.getElementById('mathCurrent');
      const mathPower = document.getElementById('mathPower');
      const noteText = document.getElementById('noteText');

      if (mode === 'ideal') {
        btnIdeal.classList.add('active');
        btnPractical.classList.remove('active');
        flowV.classList.add('faded');
        svgTxtIv.style.opacity = '0.2';
        svgTxtRv.innerHTML = '(R<tspan font-size="8.5" dy="1.5">V</tspan><tspan dy="-1.5"> &rarr; &infin;)</tspan>';

        mathCurrent.innerHTML = `
          <span class="math-var col-meas">I<sub>meas</sub></span>
          <span>=</span>
          <span class="math-var col-load">I<sub>L</sub></span>
          <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #64748b; margin-left: 6px;">(<span class="math-var col-volt">I<sub>V</sub></span> = 0)</span>
        `;

        mathPower.innerHTML = `
          <span class="math-var">P<sub>true</sub></span>
          <span>=</span>
          <span class="math-var col-volt">V<sub>meas</sub></span> &middot; <span class="math-var col-meas">I<sub>meas</sub></span>
          <span>=</span>
          <span class="math-var">P<sub>meas</sub></span>
        `;

        noteText.innerHTML = `In an ideal voltmeter (<span class="math-var">R<sub>V</sub> &rarr; &infin;</span>), zero current is diverted through the meter (<span class="math-var">I<sub>V</sub> = 0</span>). The ammeter measures only the load current, so no power correction is required.`;
      } else {
        btnPractical.classList.add('active');
        btnIdeal.classList.remove('active');
        flowV.classList.remove('faded');
        svgTxtIv.style.opacity = '1';
        svgTxtRv.innerHTML = '(R<tspan font-size="8.5" dy="1.5">V</tspan><tspan dy="-1.5"> finite)</tspan>';

        mathCurrent.innerHTML = `
          <span class="math-var col-meas">I<sub>meas</sub></span>
          <span>=</span>
          <span class="math-var col-load">I<sub>L</sub></span>
          <span>+</span>
          <span class="math-var col-volt">I<sub>V</sub></span>
        `;

        mathPower.innerHTML = `
          <span class="math-var">P<sub>true</sub></span>
          <span>=</span>
          <span class="math-var">P<sub>meas</sub></span>
          <span>&minus;</span>
          <span class="fraction">
            <span class="numerator"><span class="math-var col-volt">V<sub>meas</sub><sup>2</sup></span></span>
            <span class="denominator"><span class="math-var col-volt">R<sub>V</sub></span></span>
          </span>
        `;

        noteText.innerHTML = `The ammeter measures total circuit current (<span class="math-var">I<sub>meas</sub> = I<sub>L</sub> + I<sub>V</sub></span>), causing <span class="math-var">P<sub>meas</sub> = V<sub>meas</sub> &middot; I<sub>meas</sub></span> to over-read. Subtracting voltmeter power dissipation yields the true load power.`;
      }
    }

    // Initialize in Practical Mode
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
      setMode('practical');
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

ELEC-5.2

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams