<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    html, body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      z-index: 2;
    }

    .btn {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #475569;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1e2945;
    }

    .svg-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      flex: 1;
      min-height: 0;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .grid-line { stroke: #e2e8f0; stroke-width: 1; }
    .center-axis { stroke: #94a3b8; stroke-width: 1.5; stroke-dasharray: 4, 4; }
    .sine-wave { fill: none; stroke: #2563eb; stroke-width: 3.5; stroke-linecap: round; stroke-linejoin: round; }
    
    .peak-group, .rms-group, .vpp-group {
      transition: opacity 0.25s ease;
    }
    
    .dimmed { opacity: 0.18; }
    .highlight { opacity: 1; }

    .label-text {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn active" onclick="setMode('all')">Overview</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setMode('peak')">Peak (V<sub>p</sub>)</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setMode('rms')">RMS (V<sub>RMS</sub>)</button>
    <button class="btn" onclick="setMode('vpp')">Peak-to-Peak (V<sub>pp</sub>)</button>
  </div>

  <div class="svg-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 540 320" id="waveSvg">
      <defs>
        
        <marker id="arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="#dc2626" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
          <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="#dc2626" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <g id="grid">
        
        <line x1="40" y1="20" x2="40" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="100" y1="20" x2="100" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="160" y1="20" x2="160" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="220" y1="20" x2="220" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="280" y1="20" x2="280" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="340" y1="20" x2="340" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="400" y1="20" x2="400" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="460" y1="20" x2="460" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="520" y1="20" x2="520" y2="300" class="grid-line" />
        
        <line x1="30" y1="40" x2="530" y2="40" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="30" y1="100" x2="530" y2="100" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="30" y1="160" x2="530" y2="160" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="30" y1="220" x2="530" y2="220" class="grid-line" />
        <line x1="30" y1="280" x2="530" y2="280" class="grid-line" />
      </g>

      
      <line x1="30" y1="160" x2="530" y2="160" class="center-axis" />
      <text x="34" y="155" fill="#64748b" class="label-text">0 V</text>

      
      <g id="rmsGroup" class="rms-group">
        <line x1="40" y1="89.3" x2="520" y2="89.3" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="6, 4" />
        <rect x="230" y="75" width="200" height="20" rx="4" fill="#fef3c7" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="1"/>
        <text x="236" y="89" fill="#b45309" class="label-text">V_RMS = 0.707 × V_p</text>
      </g>

      
      <path id="sinePath" class="sine-wave" />

      
      <g id="peakGroup" class="peak-group">
        
        <circle cx="100" cy="60" r="5" fill="#dc2626" />
        <line x1="100" y1="60" x2="100" y2="35" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="2, 2" />
        <text x="75" y="30" fill="#dc2626" class="label-text">+V_p (Peak)</text>

        
        <circle cx="220" cy="260" r="5" fill="#dc2626" />
        <line x1="220" y1="260" x2="220" y2="285" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="2, 2" />
        <text x="208" y="300" fill="#dc2626" class="label-text">-V_p</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="vppGroup" class="vpp-group">
        <line x1="480" y1="65" x2="480" y2="255" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2" marker-start="url(#arrow-up)" marker-end="url(#arrow-down)" />
        <line x1="340" y1="60" x2="495" y2="60" stroke="#f87171" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="3, 3" />
        <line x1="460" y1="260" x2="495" y2="260" stroke="#f87171" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="3, 3" />
        
        <rect x="365" y="150" width="105" height="20" rx="4" fill="#fee2e2" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="1"/>
        <text x="372" y="164" fill="#991b1b" class="label-text">V_pp = 2 × V_p</text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <script>
    // Generate mathematically exact sine wave points
    const startX = 40;
    const endX = 520;
    const period = 240; // 2 full waves in 480px width
    const midY = 160;
    const amp = 100; // Peak amplitude

    let pathD = '';
    const step = 2;
    for (let x = startX; x <= endX; x += step) {
      const angle = ((x - startX) / period) * 2 * Math.PI;
      const y = midY - amp * Math.sin(angle);
      pathD += (x === startX ? 'M' : ' L') + ` ${x.toFixed(1)} ${y.toFixed(1)}`;
    }
    document.getElementById('sinePath').setAttribute('d', pathD);

    // Interactive view modes
    function setMode(mode) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.btn').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
      const activeBtn = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.btn')).find(b => 
        (mode === 'all' && b.textContent.includes('Overview')) ||
        (mode === 'peak' && b.textContent.includes('Peak (')) ||
        (mode === 'rms' && b.textContent.includes('RMS')) ||
        (mode === 'vpp' && b.textContent.includes('Peak-to-Peak'))
      );
      if (activeBtn) activeBtn.classList.add('active');

      const pGroup = document.getElementById('peakGroup');
      const rGroup = document.getElementById('rmsGroup');
      const vGroup = document.getElementById('vppGroup');

      if (mode === 'all') {
        pGroup.className = 'peak-group highlight';
        rGroup.className = 'rms-group highlight';
        vGroup.className = 'vpp-group highlight';
      } else if (mode === 'peak') {
        pGroup.className = 'peak-group highlight';
        rGroup.className = 'rms-group dimmed';
        vGroup.className = 'vpp-group dimmed';
      } else if (mode === 'rms') {
        pGroup.className = 'peak-group dimmed';
        rGroup.className = 'rms-group highlight';
        vGroup.className = 'vpp-group dimmed';
      } else if (mode === 'vpp') {
        pGroup.className = 'peak-group dimmed';
        rGroup.className = 'rms-group dimmed';
        vGroup.className = 'vpp-group highlight';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Mains Transformers and AC Waveform Parameters

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .main-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.35fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .main-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
    }

    /* Calculation Steps Flow */
    .flow-col {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .calc-card {
      width: 100%;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 10px;
      text-align: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .calc-card:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
    }

    .calc-card.active {
      border-color: #0284c7;
      background: #f0f9ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25);
    }

    .calc-title {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .calc-val {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
    }

    .calc-card.active .calc-val {
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .arrow-divider {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #475569;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 1px 8px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 1px dashed #cbd5e1;
    }

    /* Visual Panel */
    .visual-col {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px;
    }

    .scope-box {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      background: #0b1329;
      border-radius: 8px;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: inset 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
    }

    svg {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
    }

    /* Meter + Controls Bar */
    .bottom-bar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .meter-box {
      flex: 1;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .meter-svg {
      width: 54px;
      height: 34px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .meter-info {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      min-width: 0;
    }

    .meter-label {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .meter-reading {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0284c7;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 5px 9px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: background-color 0.15s ease;
    }

    .btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .btn:active {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-grid">
    
    <div class="flow-col">
      <div class="calc-card" id="step0" onclick="setStep(0)">
        <div class="calc-title">Mains Supply</div>
        <div class="calc-val">120 V<sub>RMS</sub></div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow-divider">↓ ÷ 10</div>

      <div class="calc-card" id="step1" onclick="setStep(1)">
        <div class="calc-title">Secondary RMS</div>
        <div class="calc-val">V<sub>sec,RMS</sub> = 12.0 V</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow-divider">↓ × √2 (1.414)</div>

      <div class="calc-card" id="step2" onclick="setStep(2)">
        <div class="calc-title">Secondary Peak</div>
        <div class="calc-val">V<sub>sec,peak</sub> = 16.97 V</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow-divider">↓ × 2</div>

      <div class="calc-card" id="step3" onclick="setStep(3)">
        <div class="calc-title">Peak-to-Peak</div>
        <div class="calc-val">V<sub>sec,pp</sub> = 33.94 V</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="visual-col">
      
      <div class="scope-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 300 160" id="scopeSvg">
          <defs>
            <pattern id="grid" width="20" height="20" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
              <path d="M 20 0 L 0 0 0 20" fill="none" stroke="#1e293b" stroke-width="0.8" />
            </pattern>
          </defs>
          <rect width="300" height="160" fill="url(#grid)" />
          
          
          <line x1="0" y1="80" x2="300" y2="80" stroke="#475569" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="3 3" />
          <text x="6" y="76" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="9" font-family="monospace" font-weight="600">0V</text>

          
          <path id="sineWave" d="" fill="none" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="2.5" />

          
          
          <g id="rmsGuide" opacity="1" style="transition: opacity 0.3s ease;">
            <line x1="16" y1="44" x2="284" y2="44" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-dasharray="4 3" />
            <rect x="18" y="27" width="90" height="15" rx="3" fill="#0b1329" fill-opacity="0.85" />
            <text x="22" y="38" fill="#7dd3fc" font-size="10.5" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.2px">RMS: 12.0 V</text>
          </g>

          
          <g id="peakGuide" opacity="0.35" style="transition: opacity 0.3s ease;">
            <circle cx="75" cy="29" r="4.5" fill="#fde047" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1" />
            <line x1="75" y1="80" x2="75" y2="29" stroke="#facc15" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-dasharray="2 2" />
            <rect x="80" y="19" width="108" height="16" rx="3" fill="#0b1329" fill-opacity="0.85" />
            <text x="84" y="31" fill="#fef08a" font-size="10.5" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.2px">V_peak: +16.97 V</text>
          </g>

          
          <g id="ppGuide" opacity="0.35" style="transition: opacity 0.3s ease;">
            <line x1="225" y1="31" x2="225" y2="129" stroke="#fb7185" stroke-width="2" />
            <polygon points="225,27 221,34 229,34" fill="#fb7185" />
            <polygon points="225,133 221,126 229,126" fill="#fb7185" />
            
            <line x1="218" y1="29" x2="232" y2="29" stroke="#fb7185" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <line x1="218" y1="131" x2="232" y2="131" stroke="#fb7185" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <rect x="122" y="99" width="96" height="16" rx="3" fill="#0b1329" fill-opacity="0.85" />
            <text x="126" y="111" fill="#fda4af" font-size="10.5" font-weight="700" letter-spacing="0.2px">V_pp: 33.94 V</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      
      <div class="bottom-bar">
        <div class="meter-box">
          <svg class="meter-svg" viewBox="0 0 100 60">
            
            <path d="M 15 50 A 40 40 0 0 1 85 50" fill="none" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
            <path d="M 15 50 A 40 40 0 0 1 57 18" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
            
            <line x1="15" y1="50" x2="22" y2="47" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5"/>
            <line x1="50" y1="10" x2="50" y2="17" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5"/>
            <line x1="85" y1="50" x2="78" y2="47" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5"/>
            
            <polygon points="50,50 48,50 56,18 50,50" fill="#dc2626"/>
            <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="4" fill="#1e293b"/>
          </svg>
          <div class="meter-info">
            <span class="meter-label">AC Voltmeter</span>
            <span class="meter-reading">12.0 V RMS</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="controls">
          <button class="btn" onclick="prevStep()" aria-label="Previous step">◀</button>
          <button class="btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()" aria-label="Pause/Play">⏸</button>
          <button class="btn" onclick="nextStep()" aria-label="Next step">▶</button>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    // Draw mathematically precise sine wave
    const wavePath = document.getElementById('sineWave');
    let points = [];
    for (let x = 0; x <= 300; x += 2) {
      // 1.5 cycles across 300px width (wavelength = 200px)
      // Amplitude: 51px = 16.97 V scale
      const y = 80 - 51 * Math.sin((x / 200) * 2 * Math.PI);
      points.push(`${x === 0 ? 'M' : 'L'} ${x.toFixed(1)} ${y.toFixed(1)}`);
    }
    wavePath.setAttribute('d', points.join(' '));

    let currentStep = 1;
    let playing = true;
    let timer = null;

    const cards = [
      document.getElementById('step0'),
      document.getElementById('step1'),
      document.getElementById('step2'),
      document.getElementById('step3')
    ];

    const guides = {
      rms: document.getElementById('rmsGuide'),
      peak: document.getElementById('peakGuide'),
      pp: document.getElementById('ppGuide')
    };

    function updateView() {
      cards.forEach((c, i) => {
        c.classList.toggle('active', i === currentStep);
      });

      // Update guide visibility/opacity based on active step
      // Using 0.35 opacity so labels remain clean and legible when inactive
      guides.rms.style.opacity = (currentStep === 1 || currentStep === 0) ? '1' : '0.35';
      guides.peak.style.opacity = (currentStep === 2) ? '1' : '0.35';
      guides.pp.style.opacity = (currentStep === 3) ? '1' : '0.35';

      if (currentStep === 0) {
        guides.rms.style.opacity = '0.7';
        guides.peak.style.opacity = '0.35';
        guides.pp.style.opacity = '0.35';
      }
    }

    function setStep(step) {
      currentStep = step;
      updateView();
    }

    function nextStep() {
      currentStep = (currentStep + 1) % 4;
      updateView();
    }

    function prevStep() {
      currentStep = (currentStep - 1 + 4) % 4;
      updateView();
    }

    function togglePlay() {
      playing = !playing;
      document.getElementById('playBtn').textContent = playing ? '⏸' : '▶';
      if (playing) startAutoPlay();
      else clearInterval(timer);
    }

    function startAutoPlay() {
      clearInterval(timer);
      timer = setInterval(() => {
        nextStep();
      }, 3500);
    }

    updateView();
    startAutoPlay();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    html, body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .diagram-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      height: auto;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .flux-path {
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      stroke-dasharray: 6 6;
      fill: none;
      animation: fluxFlow 3s linear infinite;
    }
    .flux-path-inner {
      stroke: #38bdf8;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      stroke-dasharray: 4 4;
      fill: none;
      opacity: 0.6;
      animation: fluxFlow 3s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes fluxFlow {
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: -48;
      }
    }
    .coil-wire {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #b45309;
      stroke-width: 4.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
    }
    .coil-back {
      stroke: #92400e;
      stroke-width: 3.5;
      opacity: 0.45;
      stroke-dasharray: 3 3;
    }
    .lead-wire {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #475569;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
    }
    .label-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
    }
    .label-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #64748b;
    }
    .badge-text {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="diagram-wrap">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 580 340" aria-label="Step-down transformer schematic">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="coreGrad" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="100%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#cbd5e1" />
          <stop offset="50%" stop-color="#e2e8f0" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#94a3b8" />
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      <path d="M 160 40 L 420 40 Q 435 40 435 55 L 435 285 Q 435 300 420 300 L 160 300 Q 145 300 145 285 L 145 55 Q 145 40 160 40 Z" 
            fill="url(#coreGrad)" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2" />
      
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      <text x="290" y="165" text-anchor="middle" class="label-title" style="fill:#334155; font-size:12px;">Iron Core</text>
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        <line x1="145" y1="80" x2="215" y2="70" class="coil-back" />
        <line x1="145" y1="102" x2="215" y2="92" class="coil-back" />
        <line x1="145" y1="124" x2="215" y2="114" class="coil-back" />
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        <path d="M 145 268 L 215 278" class="coil-wire" />
        
        <path d="M 145 278 L 65 278" class="lead-wire" />
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        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="label-title">Primary Coil</text>
        <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="label-sub">Np = 1000 turns</text>
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        <rect x="-56" y="-14" width="112" height="24" rx="6" fill="#eff6ff" stroke="#bfdbfe" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <text x="0" y="2" text-anchor="middle" class="badge-text" fill="#1d4ed8">120 V_RMS</text>
      </g>

      
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        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="label-title">Secondary Coil</text>
        <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="label-sub">Ns = 100 turns</text>
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        <rect x="-52" y="-14" width="104" height="24" rx="6" fill="#f0fdf4" stroke="#bbf7d0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <text x="0" y="2" text-anchor="middle" class="badge-text" fill="#15803d">12 V_RMS</text>
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ELEC-20.1

Aligned learning resources

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