<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e293b;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 14px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100vh;
    }

    .flow-wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 660px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 14px;
    }

    .pathway-title {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    /* Main SI Pathway Flow */
    .flow-track {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: row;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 6px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .node {
      flex: 1 1 0;
      min-width: 0;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 6px;
      text-align: center;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 90px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease, background-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .node.active {
      border-color: #0284c7;
      background: #f0f9ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25);
    }

    .node-step {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 800;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #0284c7;
      margin-bottom: 3px;
    }

    .node.active .node-step {
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .node-val {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .node-unit {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 4px;
      line-height: 1.2;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    /* Connectors between nodes */
    .connector {
      flex: 0 0 auto;
      width: 90px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 2px;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .connector-calc {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #0369a1;
      line-height: 1.25;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      padding: 3px 5px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
      white-space: normal;
    }

    .connector-sub {
      font-size: 9.5px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #475569;
      line-height: 1.2;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }

    .connector-arrow {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      line-height: 1;
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .arrow-horiz {
      display: inline-block;
    }
    .arrow-vert {
      display: none;
    }

    /* Shortcut Card */
    .shortcut-card {
      background: #fefce8;
      border: 1.5px dashed #eab308;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 10px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .shortcut-badge {
      background: #ca8a04;
      color: #ffffff;
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 3px 7px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .shortcut-content {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #713f12;
    }

    .shortcut-tag {
      background: #fef08a;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      border: 1px solid #fde047;
      color: #854d0e;
    }

    .shortcut-formula {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #9a3412;
    }

    /* Interactive Stepper Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .btn {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: background 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .btn:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-color: #94a3b8;
    }

    .btn-nav {
      width: 32px;
      height: 30px;
      padding: 0;
      font-size: 16px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .btn-primary {
      background: #0284c7;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .btn-primary:hover {
      background: #0369a1;
      border-color: #0369a1;
    }

    .dots {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .dot {
      width: 8px;
      height: 8px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, outline 0.2s ease;
    }

    .dot.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      outline: 2px solid rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.35);
    }

    /* Responsive Mobile Adjustments */
    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .flow-track {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: stretch;
        gap: 4px;
      }

      .node {
        min-height: 72px;
        padding: 8px 10px;
      }

      .connector {
        width: 100%;
        padding: 4px 0;
      }

      .arrow-horiz {
        display: none;
      }
      .arrow-vert {
        display: inline-block;
      }

      .shortcut-card {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: 8px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="flow-wrapper">
    
    <div>
      <div class="pathway-title">
        <span>Standard SI Pathway</span>
        <span style="color: #94a3b8; font-weight: normal;">(Mass Defect to Joules)</span>
      </div>

      <div class="flow-track">
        
        <div class="node active" id="step1">
          <div class="node-step">STEP 1</div>
          <div class="node-val">Δ<i>m</i></div>
          <div class="node-unit">Mass Defect (u)</div>
        </div>

        
        <div class="connector">
          <div class="connector-calc">× 1.66054 × 10<sup>−27</sup> kg/u</div>
          <div class="connector-arrow">
            <span class="arrow-horiz">→</span>
            <span class="arrow-vert">↓</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        
        <div class="node" id="step2">
          <div class="node-step">STEP 2</div>
          <div class="node-val"><i>m</i></div>
          <div class="node-unit">Mass in kg</div>
        </div>

        
        <div class="connector">
          <div class="connector-calc">× <i>c</i><sup>2</sup> (9.00 × 10<sup>16</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>)</div>
          <div class="connector-sub"><i>E</i> = Δ<i>m</i> · <i>c</i><sup>2</sup></div>
          <div class="connector-arrow">
            <span class="arrow-horiz">→</span>
            <span class="arrow-vert">↓</span>
          </div>
        </div>

        
        <div class="node" id="step3">
          <div class="node-step">STEP 3</div>
          <div class="node-val"><i>E</i></div>
          <div class="node-unit">Energy in Joules (J)</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div>
      <div class="pathway-title">
        <span>Nuclear Shortcut</span>
        <span style="color: #94a3b8; font-weight: normal;">(Direct Conversion)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="shortcut-card" id="shortcutBox">
        <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px;">
          <span class="shortcut-badge">Shortcut</span>
          <div class="shortcut-content">
            <span class="shortcut-tag">1 u = 931.5 MeV</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="shortcut-formula">
          <i>E</i> = Δ<i>m</i> × 931.5 MeV
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="btn btn-nav" id="prevBtn" title="Previous Step" aria-label="Previous Step">‹</button>
      <div class="dots">
        <div class="dot active" data-step="0" title="Step 1"></div>
        <div class="dot" data-step="1" title="Step 2"></div>
        <div class="dot" data-step="2" title="Step 3"></div>
      </div>
      <button class="btn btn-nav" id="nextBtn" title="Next Step" aria-label="Next Step">›</button>
      <button class="btn btn-primary" id="playBtn" style="margin-left: 6px;">Auto Play ▶</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let currentStep = 0;
    let autoInterval = null;
    const steps = [
      document.getElementById('step1'),
      document.getElementById('step2'),
      document.getElementById('step3')
    ];
    const dots = document.querySelectorAll('.dot');
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('playBtn');

    function updateStep(idx) {
      currentStep = (idx + steps.length) % steps.length;
      steps.forEach((el, i) => {
        el.classList.toggle('active', i === currentStep);
      });
      dots.forEach((dot, i) => {
        dot.classList.toggle('active', i === currentStep);
      });
    }

    document.getElementById('prevBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      stopAuto();
      updateStep(currentStep - 1);
    });

    document.getElementById('nextBtn').addEventListener('click', () => {
      stopAuto();
      updateStep(currentStep + 1);
    });

    dots.forEach((dot, i) => {
      dot.addEventListener('click', () => {
        stopAuto();
        updateStep(i);
      });
    });

    function startAuto() {
      playBtn.textContent = 'Pause ⏸';
      playBtn.classList.remove('btn-primary');
      autoInterval = setInterval(() => {
        updateStep(currentStep + 1);
      }, 2500);
    }

    function stopAuto() {
      if (autoInterval) {
        clearInterval(autoInterval);
        autoInterval = null;
        playBtn.textContent = 'Auto Play ▶';
        playBtn.classList.add('btn-primary');
      }
    }

    playBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
      if (autoInterval) {
        stopAuto();
      } else {
        startAuto();
      }
    });

    // Make steps directly clickable
    steps.forEach((node, i) => {
      node.addEventListener('click', () => {
        stopAuto();
        updateStep(i);
      });
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Energy Changes During Nuclear Reactions

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 10px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .toolbar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .pill-group {
      display: inline-flex;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      padding: 3px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }

    .pill-btn {
      border: none;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 16px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .pill-btn.active {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #0f172a;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.12);
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .step-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 110px;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease, transform 0.2s ease;
      position: relative;
    }

    .step-card.c-blue   { border-color: #2563eb; }
    .step-card.c-purple { border-color: #7c3aed; }
    .step-card.c-orange { border-color: #ea580c; }
    .step-card.c-green  { border-color: #16a34a; }

    .header-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      padding: 2px 7px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }

    .c-blue .badge   { background: #dbeafe; color: #1e40af; }
    .c-purple .badge { background: #ede9fe; color: #5b21b6; }
    .c-orange .badge { background: #ffedd5; color: #9a3412; }
    .c-green .badge  { background: #dcfce7; color: #166534; }

    .icon-math {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .calc-row {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #475569;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
      font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace;
    }

    .val-display {
      font-size: 17px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      letter-spacing: -0.3px;
    }

    .sub-note {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .banner {
      margin-top: 10px;
      background: #f0fdf4;
      border: 1.5px dashed #16a34a;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .banner-text {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #166534;
    }

    .banner-val {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #15803d;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .anim-pulse {
      animation: pulse 1.6s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes pulse {
      0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
      50% { opacity: 0.7; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toolbar">
    <div style="font-weight: 700; font-size: 13px; color: #334155;">He-4 Binding Energy</div>
    <div class="pill-group">
      <button class="pill-btn active" id="btnSingle" onclick="setScale('single')">1 Nucleus</button>
      <button class="pill-btn" id="btnMole" onclick="setScale('mole')">1 Mole (4 g)</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="step-card c-blue">
      <div class="header-row">
        <span class="badge">Step 1</span>
        <span class="icon-math">2p + 2n</span>
      </div>
      <div class="calc-row">2(1.00728) + 2(1.00866)</div>
      <div class="val-display" id="val1">4.03188 u</div>
      <div class="sub-note">Free nucleons</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-card c-purple">
      <div class="header-row">
        <span class="badge">Step 2</span>
        <span class="icon-math">Δm = m<sub>free</sub> − m<sub>He</sub></span>
      </div>
      <div class="calc-row">4.03188 − 4.00151</div>
      <div class="val-display" id="val2">0.03037 u</div>
      <div class="sub-note">Mass defect (lost)</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-card c-orange">
      <div class="header-row">
        <span class="badge">Step 3</span>
        <span class="icon-math">u → kg</span>
      </div>
      <div class="calc-row">0.03037 × 1.6605×10⁻²⁷</div>
      <div class="val-display" id="val3">5.043 × 10⁻²⁹ kg</div>
      <div class="sub-note">Converted mass</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-card c-green">
      <div class="header-row">
        <span class="badge">Step 4</span>
        <span class="icon-math">E = Δm · c²</span>
      </div>
      <div class="calc-row" id="calc4">Δm × (3.0 × 10⁸)²</div>
      <div class="val-display" id="val4">4.54 × 10⁻¹² J</div>
      <div class="sub-note" id="note4">28.3 MeV released</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="banner" id="moleBanner">
    <span class="banner-text">⚡ 1 Mole Formation (N<sub>A</sub> = 6.022 × 10²³)</span>
    <span class="banner-val">2.73 × 10¹² J</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setScale(scale) {
      const isMole = scale === 'mole';
      document.getElementById('btnSingle').classList.toggle('active', !isMole);
      document.getElementById('btnMole').classList.toggle('active', isMole);

      const val1 = document.getElementById('val1');
      const val2 = document.getElementById('val2');
      const val3 = document.getElementById('val3');
      const val4 = document.getElementById('val4');
      const calc4 = document.getElementById('calc4');
      const note4 = document.getElementById('note4');
      const banner = document.getElementById('moleBanner');

      if (isMole) {
        val1.textContent = "4.03188 g";
        val2.textContent = "0.03037 g";
        val3.textContent = "3.037 × 10⁻⁵ kg";
        val4.textContent = "2.73 × 10¹² J";
        calc4.textContent = "(3.037×10⁻⁵) × c²";
        note4.textContent = "≈ 760,000 kWh";
        banner.style.background = "#dcfce7";
        banner.style.borderStyle = "solid";
      } else {
        val1.textContent = "4.03188 u";
        val2.textContent = "0.03037 u";
        val3.textContent = "5.043 × 10⁻²⁹ kg";
        val4.textContent = "4.54 × 10⁻¹² J";
        calc4.textContent = "Δm × (3.0 × 10⁸)²";
        note4.textContent = "28.3 MeV released";
        banner.style.background = "#f0fdf4";
        banner.style.borderStyle = "dashed";
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background: #f8fafc;
      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    .header-bar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .pill-defect {
      background: #fef3c7;
      border: 1px solid #f59e0b;
      color: #92400e;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }

    .stage-svg {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 500px;
      height: auto;
      flex: 1;
      min-height: 240px;
    }

    .nucleon {
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }
    
    .label-mass {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
      text-anchor: middle;
      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
    }

    .label-sub {
      font-size: 10.5px;
      fill: #64748b;
      text-anchor: middle;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .interactive-row {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .mode-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #475569;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s, border-color 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
    }

    .mode-btn.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.25);
    }

    .beam-group {
      transform-origin: 250px 105px;
      transition: transform 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-bar">
    <div class="pill-defect" id="defectPill">
      <span>Δm = 0.03037 u missing</span>
      <span style="font-weight:400; opacity:0.8;">(→ Energy)</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <svg class="stage-svg" viewBox="0 0 500 280">
    <defs>
      
      <radialGradient id="gradP" cx="35%" cy="35%" r="65%">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fca5a5"/>
        <stop offset="60%" stop-color="#ef4444"/>
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#b91c1c"/>
      </radialGradient>
      
      <radialGradient id="gradN" cx="35%" cy="35%" r="65%">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#93c5fd"/>
        <stop offset="60%" stop-color="#3b82f6"/>
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#1d4ed8"/>
      </radialGradient>
      
      <linearGradient id="gradPan" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="0%" y2="100%">
        <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#94a3b8"/>
        <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#64748b"/>
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<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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      font-weight: 700;
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</head>
<body>

  <div class="layout">
    
    <div class="formula-section">
      
      <div class="main-eq">
        <div id="termM" class="term-m active-purple" onclick="selectTab('m')">M</div>
        <div class="equals">=</div>
        <div class="fraction">
          <div id="termN" class="top" onclick="selectTab('n')">moles of solute (n)</div>
          <div id="termV" class="bottom" onclick="selectTab('v')">Liters of solution (V)</div>
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      </div>

      
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        <div id="cardM" class="card-item purple-card active" onclick="selectTab('m')">
          <div>
            <div class="card-title" style="color: #7c3aed;">Molarity (M)</div>
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            <div class="card-title" style="color: #2563eb;">Moles of Solute (n)</div>
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          <div>
            <div class="card-title" style="color: #059669;">Liters of Solution (V)</div>
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          <div class="card-sub"><strong>mL ÷ 1000</strong> = <strong>L</strong></div>
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</body>
</html>

Solubility, Dissolution Factors, and Molarity Calculations

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
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      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 380px;
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      gap: 8px;
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      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .btn-step {
      background: #f1f5f9;
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      border-radius: 20px;
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      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
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    .btn-step.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(37,99,235,0.25);
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      background: #fff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
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      width: 32px;
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      justify-content: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      font-size: 13px;
      color: #1e2945;
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      gap: 10px;
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      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
      opacity: 0.35;
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      opacity: 1;
      border-color: #3b82f6;
      box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(59,130,246,0.12);
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      border-color: #16a34a;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(22,163,74,0.18);
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    .card-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
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      min-width: 60px;
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      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
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      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: flex-end;
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    .fraction {
      display: inline-flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      vertical-align: middle;
      text-align: center;
      padding: 0 4px;
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      background: #ef4444;
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    .active .unit-cancel::after,
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      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #1d4ed8;
      border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
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      font-weight: 700;
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      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      border: 1.5px solid #86efac;
      padding: 5px 12px;
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      font-size: 17px;
      font-weight: 800;
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      color: #94a3b8;
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  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn-play" id="playBtn" title="Play / Pause">⏸</button>
    <button class="btn-step active" id="step0">Step 1: Solute</button>
    <button class="btn-step" id="step1">Step 2: Volume</button>
    <button class="btn-step" id="step2">Step 3: Molarity</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="flow-container">
    
    
    <div class="calc-card active" id="card0">
      <div class="card-label">Step 1</div>
      <div class="math-row">
        <span>58.44 <span class="unit-cancel">g</span></span>
        <span class="op">×</span>
        <div class="fraction">
          <span class="numerator">1.00 mol</span>
          <span class="denominator">58.44 <span class="unit-cancel">g</span></span>
        </div>
        <span class="op">=</span>
        <span class="result-badge">1.00 mol NaCl</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="calc-card" id="card1">
      <div class="card-label">Step 2</div>
      <div class="math-row">
        <span>500.0 <span class="unit-cancel">mL</span></span>
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        <div class="fraction">
          <span class="numerator">1 L</span>
          <span class="denominator">1000 <span class="unit-cancel">mL</span></span>
        </div>
        <span class="op">=</span>
        <span class="result-badge">0.500 L</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="calc-card" id="card2">
      <div class="card-label">Step 3</div>
      <div class="math-row">
        <span>M =</span>
        <div class="fraction">
          <span class="numerator">1.00 mol</span>
          <span class="denominator">0.500 L</span>
        </div>
        <span class="op">=</span>
        <span class="final-badge">2.00 M</span>
      </div>
    </div>

  </div>

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        playBtn.textContent = '▶';
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    startAuto();
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</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Anatomy of a Solution</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }
    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
    }
    .grid-container {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    @media (max-width: 540px) {
      .grid-container {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }
    .panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
      position: relative;
    }
    .panel-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }
    /* Left Panel: Macro equation */
    .macro-flow {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-around;
      width: 100%;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }
    .comp-item {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .comp-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
    }
    .symbol {
      font-size: 18px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #94a3b8;
    }
    /* SVG containers */
    .beaker-svg {
      width: 58px;
      height: 70px;
    }
    .crystal-svg {
      width: 44px;
      height: 44px;
    }
    /* Right Panel: Microscopic Zoom */
    .micro-stage {
      width: 100%;
      height: 170px;
      position: relative;
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border-radius: 8px;
      border: 1px dashed #bae6fd;
      overflow: hidden;
    }
    /* Controls */
    .btn-row {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 8px;
    }
    button {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }
    button.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #2563eb;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid-container">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Macroscopic</div>
      <div class="macro-flow">
        
        <div class="comp-item">
          <svg class="crystal-svg" viewBox="0 0 50 50">
            <rect x="8" y="8" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#2563eb" />
            <rect x="26" y="8" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" />
            <rect x="8" y="26" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#1d4ed8" />
            <rect x="26" y="26" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#2563eb" />
          </svg>
          <span class="comp-label">Solute</span>
        </div>

        <span class="symbol">+</span>

        
        <div class="comp-item">
          <svg class="beaker-svg" viewBox="0 0 60 75">
            
            <path d="M 12 10 L 12 65 Q 12 70 17 70 L 43 70 Q 48 70 48 65 L 48 10" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <path d="M 8 10 L 16 10 M 44 10 L 52 10" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            
            <path d="M 14 38 Q 30 35 46 38 L 46 65 Q 46 68 43 68 L 17 68 Q 14 68 14 65 Z" fill="#0284c7" fill-opacity="0.25" />
          </svg>
          <span class="comp-label">Solvent</span>
        </div>

        <span class="symbol">=</span>

        
        <div class="comp-item">
          <svg class="beaker-svg" viewBox="0 0 60 75">
            
            <path d="M 12 10 L 12 65 Q 12 70 17 70 L 43 70 Q 48 70 48 65 L 48 10" fill="none" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <path d="M 8 10 L 16 10 M 44 10 L 52 10" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            
            <path d="M 14 38 Q 30 35 46 38 L 46 65 Q 46 68 43 68 L 17 68 Q 14 68 14 65 Z" fill="#2563eb" fill-opacity="0.45" />
          </svg>
          <span class="comp-label">Solution</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Microscopic: Hydration</div>
      <div class="micro-stage">
        <svg id="microSvg" width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="0 0 280 170">
          <defs>
            
            <g id="water-mol">
              
              <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="7" fill="#ef4444" />
              <text x="0" y="2.5" font-size="6" fill="#ffffff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">δ⁻</text>
              
              <circle cx="-6" cy="-6" r="4.5" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1" />
              <text x="-6" y="-4.5" font-size="4.5" fill="#475569" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">+</text>
              <circle cx="6" cy="-6" r="4.5" fill="#f8fafc" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1" />
              <text x="6" y="-4.5" font-size="4.5" fill="#475569" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">+</text>
            </g>
          </defs>

          
          <g id="solute1" style="transition: transform 0.8s ease;">
            <circle cx="100" cy="85" r="14" fill="#2563eb" />
            <text x="100" y="89" font-size="11" fill="#ffffff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">+</text>
          </g>

          
          <g id="solute2" style="transition: transform 0.8s ease;">
            <circle cx="180" cy="85" r="14" fill="#1d4ed8" />
            <text x="180" y="89" font-size="11" fill="#ffffff" font-weight="bold" text-anchor="middle">−</text>
          </g>

          
          <g id="waters1" style="transition: transform 0.8s ease;">
            <use href="#water-mol" x="100" y="52" transform="rotate(180 100 52)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="100" y="118" transform="rotate(0 100 118)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="68" y="85" transform="rotate(90 68 85)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="132" y="85" transform="rotate(-90 132 85)" />
          </g>

          
          <g id="waters2" style="transition: transform 0.8s ease;">
            <use href="#water-mol" x="180" y="52" transform="rotate(0 180 52)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="180" y="118" transform="rotate(180 180 118)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="148" y="85" transform="rotate(-90 148 85)" />
            <use href="#water-mol" x="212" y="85" transform="rotate(90 212 85)" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="btn-row">
        <button id="btnBound" class="active" onclick="setState('bound')">Solid Lattice</button>
        <button id="btnDissolved" onclick="setState('dissolved')">Dissolved</button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setState(state) {
      const s1 = document.getElementById('solute1');
      const s2 = document.getElementById('solute2');
      const w1 = document.getElementById('waters1');
      const w2 = document.getElementById('waters2');
      const btnBound = document.getElementById('btnBound');
      const btnDissolved = document.getElementById('btnDissolved');

      if (state === 'dissolved') {
        s1.style.transform = 'translate(-35px, 0px)';
        w1.style.transform = 'translate(-35px, 0px)';
        s2.style.transform = 'translate(35px, 0px)';
        w2.style.transform = 'translate(35px, 0px)';
        btnDissolved.classList.add('active');
        btnBound.classList.remove('active');
      } else {
        s1.style.transform = 'translate(25px, 0px)';
        w1.style.transform = 'translate(25px, 0px)';
        s2.style.transform = 'translate(-25px, 0px)';
        w2.style.transform = 'translate(-25px, 0px)';
        btnBound.classList.add('active');
        btnDissolved.classList.remove('active');
      }
    }

    // Set initial compact solid state
    setState('bound');
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 6px;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 760px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }
    @media (max-width: 540px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }
    .panel {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      min-height: 190px;
    }
    .panel-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #1e2945;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .comparison {
      display: flex;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .sub-col {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 6px 4px;
    }
    .svg-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 125px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      line-height: 1.2;
      letter-spacing: 0.2px;
    }
    .badge-slow {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #1e293b;
    }
    .badge-fast {
      background: #bae6fd;
      color: #0369a1;
    }
    .badge-hot {
      background: #ffedd5;
      color: #9a3412;
    }

    /* Calibrated smooth animations */
    @keyframes spin-cw {
      from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
      to { transform: rotate(360deg); }
    }
    @keyframes pulse-halo {
      0%, 100% { opacity: 0.4; transform: scale(1); }
      50% { opacity: 0.7; transform: scale(1.06); }
    }
    @keyframes heat-pulse {
      0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0) scale(1); }
      25% { transform: translate(1px, -1px) scale(1.02); }
      50% { transform: translate(-1px, 1px) scale(0.98); }
      75% { transform: translate(1px, 1px) scale(1.02); }
    }
    .spin {
      transform-origin: 45px 55px;
      animation: spin-cw 6s linear infinite;
    }
    .halo {
      transform-origin: 45px 55px;
      animation: pulse-halo 3s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    .jiggle {
      transform-origin: 45px 55px;
      animation: heat-pulse 1.4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Surface Area</div>
      <div class="comparison">
        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              <defs>
                <marker id="arr-b" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="4" refY="3" markerWidth="4" markerHeight="4" orient="auto">
                  <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#0284c7"/>
                </marker>
              </defs>
              
              <rect x="27" y="37" width="36" height="36" rx="4" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="2"/>
              
              <path d="M45,15 L45,29" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M45,95 L45,81" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M10,55 L21,55" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M80,55 L69,55" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-slow">1 Cube</span>
        </div>

        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              
              
              <rect x="23" y="18" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="23" y="38" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="23" y="58" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="23" y="78" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>

              
              <rect x="53" y="18" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="53" y="38" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="53" y="58" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>
              <rect x="53" y="78" width="14" height="14" rx="2" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="1.2"/>

              
              
              <path d="M30,7 L30,13" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M60,7 L60,13" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M30,103 L30,97" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M60,103 L60,97" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>

              
              <path d="M9,25 L17,25" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M9,65 L17,65" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M81,45 L73,45" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M81,85 L73,85" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>

              
              <path d="M45,10 L45,28" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M45,100 L45,82" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M39,48 L51,48" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
              <path d="M51,68 L39,68" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.4" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-fast">8 Pieces</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Agitation</div>
      <div class="comparison">
        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              
              <circle class="halo" cx="45" cy="55" r="30" fill="#93c5fd" opacity="0.5"/>
              <circle class="halo" cx="45" cy="55" r="21" fill="#60a5fa" opacity="0.6"/>
              
              <rect x="34" y="44" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="#1e2945"/>
              
              <circle cx="26" cy="46" r="2.2" fill="#1d4ed8"/>
              <circle cx="64" cy="50" r="2.2" fill="#1d4ed8"/>
              <circle cx="48" cy="28" r="2.2" fill="#1d4ed8"/>
              <circle cx="38" cy="80" r="2.2" fill="#1d4ed8"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-slow">Static</span>
        </div>

        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              
              <rect x="34" y="44" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="#1e2945"/>
              
              <g class="spin">
                <path d="M 45,18 A 37 37 0 0 1 82,55" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
                <path d="M 45,92 A 37 37 0 0 1 8,55" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
                <path d="M 82,55 A 37 37 0 0 1 45,92" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
                <path d="M 8,55 A 37 37 0 0 1 45,18" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>
              </g>
              
              <circle cx="68" cy="28" r="2.2" fill="#0284c7"/>
              <circle cx="22" cy="82" r="2.2" fill="#0284c7"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-fast">Stirred</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">Temperature</div>
      <div class="comparison">
        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              
              <rect x="34" y="44" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="#1e2945"/>
              
              <circle cx="16" cy="30" r="3" fill="#60a5fa"/>
              <path d="M19,32 L26,38" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-width="1.8" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>

              <circle cx="74" cy="28" r="3" fill="#60a5fa"/>
              <path d="M71,31 L64,37" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-width="1.8" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>

              <circle cx="20" cy="80" r="3" fill="#60a5fa"/>
              <path d="M23,77 L29,71" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-width="1.8" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>

              <circle cx="72" cy="78" r="3" fill="#60a5fa"/>
              <path d="M69,75 L62,69" stroke="#60a5fa" stroke-width="1.8" marker-end="url(#arr-b)"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-slow">Cold</span>
        </div>

        <div class="sub-col">
          <div class="svg-box">
            <svg viewBox="0 0 90 110">
              <defs>
                <marker id="arr-r" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="4" refY="3" markerWidth="4" markerHeight="4" orient="auto">
                  <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#ea580c"/>
                </marker>
              </defs>
              
              <rect class="jiggle" x="34" y="44" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="#1e2945"/>
              
              
              <circle cx="10" cy="22" r="3.5" fill="#ea580c"/>
              <path d="M13,25 L31,42" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.4" marker-end="url(#arr-r)"/>

              <circle cx="80" cy="20" r="3.5" fill="#f97316"/>
              <path d="M77,23 L59,42" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="2.4" marker-end="url(#arr-r)"/>

              <circle cx="12" cy="88" r="3.5" fill="#f97316"/>
              <path d="M15,85 L31,68" stroke="#f97316" stroke-width="2.4" marker-end="url(#arr-r)"/>

              <circle cx="80" cy="90" r="3.5" fill="#ea580c"/>
              <path d="M77,87 L59,68" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.4" marker-end="url(#arr-r)"/>

              
              <circle cx="45" cy="10" r="3.5" fill="#ea580c"/>
              <path d="M45,14 L45,40" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.4" marker-end="url(#arr-r)"/>
            </svg>
          </div>
          <span class="badge badge-hot">Hot</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Energy Transfer and Light Absorption in Photosynthesis

Chloroplast Structure and Photosynthetic Pigment Spectroscopy

The Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis and Conservation of Matter

Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Equations

Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration as Coupled Energy Systems

Modeling Energy Flow in ATP Production

Revising Explanations Based on Evidence From Models

science

Cellular Energetics: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Enzyme Structure and the Active Site Model

Activation Energy and Catalytic Mechanisms

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Reaction Rates

pH Effects and Denaturation in Enzymes

Substrate and Enzyme Concentration Dynamics

Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Regulation

Enzyme Kinetics and Reaction Velocity Calculations

Designing and Evaluating Enzyme Activity Experiments

Enzymes and Cellular Regulation

Modeling Energy Pyramids and the Ten Percent Law

Food Web Dynamics and Trophic Cascade Disruption

Biomass Accumulation and Decomposer Functions

Assessing Disruption Impacts on Primary Productivity

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Across Trophic Levels

Analyzing Quantitative Data from Trophic Models

Communicating Ecosystem Energy Flow Models Collaboratively

Matter Cycling and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Reservoirs and Processes in the Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrification, and Denitrification

Chemical Reaction Products and Global Climate Change

Consequences of Nitrogen Over-enrichment and Eutrophication

Human Disruptions to Biogeochemical Cycles: Synthetic Fertilizers and Fossil Fuels

112.43(b)(2)(C)

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams