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Types of Engineering Models: Physical, Digital, and Mathematical

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      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
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      padding: 6px 0;
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    /* Type 4: Digital Simulation */
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      --badge-text: #047857;
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    .tunnel-graphic {
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      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 24px;
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      letter-spacing: -2px;
      color: #94a3b8;
      animation: blow 1.8s infinite linear;
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      gap: 3px;
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      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      border: 1px dashed #c4b5fd;
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      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-family: ui-monospace, monospace;
      font-size: 13px;
      color: #047857;
      background: #ecfdf5;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #a7f3d0;
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      background: #10b981;
      border-radius: 50%;
      box-shadow: 0 0 6px #10b981;
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        <span style="font-size:18px;">🏎️</span>
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      <div class="visual-area">
        <div class="tunnel-graphic">
          <span class="wind-lines">〰〰</span>
          <span>🏎️</span>
          <span class="wind-lines">〰〰</span>
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      <div class="example-title">Smoke Tunnel Foam Car</div>
    </div>

    
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        <span class="badge">Conceptual Model</span>
        <span style="font-size:18px;">💡</span>
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      <div class="visual-area">
        <div class="flow-graphic">
          <div class="flow-node">☀️ Sun</div>
          <span>→</span>
          <div class="flow-node">⚡ Inverter</div>
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      <div class="example-title">Solar Energy Flowchart</div>
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        <span class="badge">Mathematical Model</span>
        <span style="font-size:18px;">📐</span>
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      <div class="visual-area">
        <div class="math-graphic">V = I × R</div>
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      <div class="example-title">Ohm's Law Equation</div>
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      <div class="visual-area">
        <div class="sim-graphic">
          <div class="sim-dot"></div>
          <span>🛩️ Wind: 28kt</span>
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      <div class="example-title">Flight Landing Sim</div>
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What Is Superposition? Reading Rock Layers

Fossils as Evidence of Past Environments

Evaluating Past and Current Evidence for Plate Movements

Using Seafloor Structure Data to Support Plate Motion

Evaluating Which Evidence Best Supports Plate Motion Claims

How Fossil Distribution Supports Continental Drift

Matching Rock Formations Across Continents

Reconstructing Past Environments From Fossil Evidence

Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws in Earth Science

Building Explanations From Scientific Evidence

science

Evidence of Earth's Change Over Time

Formulating Testable Scientific Research Questions

Differentiating Hypotheses, Laws, Theories, and Models

Constructing Falsifiable Scientific Hypotheses

Defining Engineering Design Problems and Constraints

How Scientific Ideas Evolve with New Empirical Evidence

Scientific Questions, Hypotheses, and Theoretical Frameworks

What Drives Plate Tectonics? Convection in the Mantle

Natural Hazards From Interior Processes: Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

How Plate Boundaries Create Ocean Basins

Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading

Convergent Boundaries and Mountain Building

Transform Boundaries and Earthquake Activity

How Volcanic Eruptions Shape the Landscape

What Are Supervolcanoes?

Hot Spots and Volcanic Island Formation

Comparing Types of Plate Boundaries

Plate Tectonics and Earth's Features

El escepticismo científico como herramienta de conocimiento

Aceptación de la crítica de pares en el trabajo escolar

La replicabilidad y reproducibilidad en el método científico

¿Qué es un modelo científico y para qué sirve?

La evolución histórica del modelo atómico

Coexistencia de modelos: ondulatorio y corpuscular de la luz

Escepticismo científico y construcción de modelos

Evaluating Model Size, Scale, Properties, and Materials

Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes to Plate Boundaries

Analyzing Earthquake Data for Patterns

Modeling Plate Boundary Interactions

Predicting Geological Hazards From Plate Boundary Data

Planning an Investigation: Modeling Plate Movements

Investigating Plate Tectonics

Del geocentrismo al heliocentrismo: cambio de paradigmas

Modelos de placas tectónicas y deriva continental

Alcance y limitaciones de los modelos científicos

La falsabilidad como criterio de demarcación científica

La revisión por pares en las publicaciones científicas

La ciencia como proceso provisional y autocorrectivo

Cambios de paradigma y la naturaleza autocorrectiva de la ciencia

Evaluating Scale Factors and Proportions in Models

Identifying Material Limitations and Simplifying Assumptions

Modeling Interdependent Components in Complex Systems

Testing and Iteratively Refining Engineering Prototypes

Scientific and Engineering Modeling Systems

Using Published Computational Models of Earth System Relationships

Mapping Human Activities to Changes in Earth System Relationships

Modeling the Relationship Between Resource Use and Biodiversity

Evaluating Solutions That Reduce Human Impacts on Natural Systems

Safety Practices for Water Quality Field Investigations

Designing Solutions for Water Pollution

Evaluating Costs and Benefits of Water Solutions

Modeling and Designing Solutions for Water Systems

Tipos de modelos científicos: físicos, conceptuales y matemáticos

Modelos atómicos y su capacidad predictiva histórica

Modelación del enlace químico mediante estructuras de Lewis

Modelos de transmisión genética: cuadros de Punnett

Modelación de redes tróficas y flujo de energía

Modelos mecánicos: conservación de la energía mecánica

Modelos de tectónica de placas y dinámica terrestre

Modelos científicos en diferentes dominios

What Are Trophic Levels?

Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers in Food Chains

Energy Flow Through Trophic Levels

Diagramming Energy Flow in Food Webs

Building Energy Pyramids

The Ten Percent Rule in Energy Transfer

Calculating Energy Available at Each Trophic Level

Modeling Energy Flow Among Trophic Levels

Revising Explanations Using Population Data

Collecting Quantitative and Qualitative Data in Ecosystem Studies

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Uso de simulaciones digitales para la predicción científica

Comparación entre predicciones del modelo y datos empíricos

Ajuste y refinamiento de modelos a partir de evidencia

Modelos de propagación de ondas y óptica geométrica

Evaluación crítica del alcance predictivo de un modelo

Proceso de modelación: simulación, evaluación y refinamiento

Matter Cycling in the Biosphere: An Overview

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight, Water, and Carbon Dioxide

Building an Ecosystem Matter and Energy Model

Matter Is Conserved in Ecosystem Cycles

Modeling Matter Flow in an Ecosystem

Carbon Cycling Among Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Geosphere

Conservation of Matter as Atoms Cycle Through Ecosystems

Nitrogen Cycling Through Ecosystems

Building Data Tables With Repeated Trials and Averages

How Decomposers Sustain Ecosystem Cycles

Matter Cycling in the Biosphere

How the Nervous System Controls Movement

Body System Homeostasis and Regulation

How Body Systems Work Together

Modeling Human Body System Functions

Using Petri Dishes and Dissecting Kits

Human Body System Interactions and Lab Investigations

Cells: The Fundamental Unit of Life

From Cells to Tissues: How Cells Organize

From Tissues to Organs: How Tissues Organize

From Organs to Organ Systems

Hierarchical Organization in Animals

Hierarchical Organization in Plants

Comparing Plant and Animal Organization

Comparing Levels of Organization Across Organisms

Levels of Organization in Living Things

What Is Asexual Reproduction?

Types of Asexual Reproduction in Organisms

Asexual Reproduction in Bacteria and Protists

What Is Sexual Reproduction?

Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals

Comparing Offspring Diversity: Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

How Reproduction Affects Population Diversity Over Time

Modeling Reproductive Strategies in Populations

Reproduction and Offspring Diversity

Characteristics of the Bacteria Kingdom

Characteristics of the Protist Kingdom

Characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom

Characteristics of the Plant Kingdom

Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom

Importance of Each Kingdom in Ecosystems

Using Microscopes to Study Organisms

Comparing Kingdoms Using Models

The Kingdoms of Life

Classifying Matter: Elements and Compounds

Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions and Alloys

Heterogeneous Mixtures: Suspensions and Colloids

Modeling How Matter Is Classified

Building Molecular Models From Chemical Formulas

Using the Periodic Table to Identify Atoms in a Formula

Identifying Atoms in Chemical Reaction Equations

Counting Atoms on Both Sides of a Chemical Equation

Classifying Matter and Chemical Formulas

What Is Cohesion in Water?

What Is Adhesion in Water?

What Is Surface Tension in Water?

How Water Forms Droplets: Cohesion at Work

Capillary Action: How Water Moves Up in Plants

How Insects Walk on Water: Surface Tension in Nature

Connecting Water Properties to Observable Phenomena

Water's Special Properties

What Is Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions?

How Atoms Rearrange in Chemical Reactions

Balancing Simple Chemical Equations

Photosynthesis as a Balanced Chemical Equation

Investigating Mass Conservation in a Closed System

Energy and Matter Conservation in Chemical Systems

Parts of a Chemical System and Their Interdependence

How Water Cycles Through Earth's Systems

Indicators of Energy Change: Temperature Changes in Reactions

Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions

Cause and Effect in Force Systems

Investigating Cause and Effect in Motion

Stability and Change in Force Systems

Factors Affecting Stability in Motion Systems

Cause, Effect, and Stability in Force Systems

Observación microscópica de la mitosis y fases celulares

Indagación sobre la respiración celular y fermentación en levaduras

Extracción y análisis de ADN de tejidos vegetales

Análisis de árboles genealógicos y patrones de herencia

Simulación de selección natural y variación de frecuencias alélicas

Análisis de evidencias fósiles y anatomía comparada

Muestreo de biodiversidad con transectos y cuadrantes

Modelación de los ciclos del carbono y nitrógeno

Impacto de especies invasoras en ecosistemas locales

Adaptaciones fisiológicas en biomas colombianos

Síntesis y formulación de nuevas preguntas en biología evolutiva

Indagación en ciencias de la vida, genética y evolución

Conservación de la masa en sistemas cerrados y abiertos

Determinación experimental de la ley de Hooke

Verificación experimental de la segunda ley de Newton

Transferencia de calor: conducción, convección y radiación

Estudio experimental de ondas sonoras: tono, timbre e intensidad

Refracción de la luz y cálculo del índice de refracción

Clasificación de reacciones químicas y evidencias de transformación

El ciclo de las rocas y escalas de tiempo geológico

Análisis de datos meteorológicos y patrones climáticos

Modelación astronómica: sistema solar, fases lunares y eclipses

Integración de competencias científicas hacia la educación media

Indagación en física, química y sistemas terrestres

What Is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?

Comparing EM Spectrum Wave Types by Frequency and Wavelength

Radio Waves and Their Properties

Visible Light in the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Patterns in Wave Properties Across the EM Spectrum

Scale and Proportion in Electromagnetic Waves

How Wavelength and Frequency Scale Affects Wave Systems

Understanding the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radiation Therapy: Using Electromagnetic Waves in Medicine

Wireless Technologies and Electromagnetic Waves

Real-World Applications of Electromagnetic Waves

OGS.9.SEP.5

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams