<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
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    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
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      min-height: 100%;
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    .header-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 9999px;
      margin-bottom: 14px;
      border: 1px solid #bae6fd;
    }

    .cards-grid {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .model-card {
      flex: 1 1 250px;
      max-width: 295px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #bfdbfe;
      border-radius: 14px;
      padding: 16px 14px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.04);
      transition: border-color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .model-card:hover, .model-card.active {
      border-color: #38bdf8;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.18);
    }

    .visual-stage {
      width: 100%;
      height: 135px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
    }

    .action-badge {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 10px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .badge-down {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .badge-up {
      background: #fef2f2;
      color: #dc2626;
    }

    .card-title {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
    }

    .card-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    /* Streamlines animation */
    .streamline {
      stroke: #38bdf8;
      stroke-width: 2;
      stroke-dasharray: 8 6;
      fill: none;
      animation: flowStream 2s linear infinite;
    }

    .streamline-fast {
      animation-duration: 1.2s;
    }

    @keyframes flowStream {
      from {
        stroke-dashoffset: 28;
      }
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: 0;
      }
    }

    /* Subtle float for molecule */
    .molecule-group {
      transform-origin: 100px 65px;
      animation: gentleFloat 4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }

    @keyframes gentleFloat {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0) rotate(0deg); }
      50% { transform: translateY(-3px) rotate(2deg); }
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-badge">
    <span>✦</span> Physical Models
  </div>

  <div class="cards-grid">
    
    <div class="model-card active" id="cardJet">
      <div class="visual-stage">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 200 130">
          <defs>
            <linearGradient id="jetGrad" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#475569" />
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#94a3b8" />
            </linearGradient>
          </defs>

          
          <path class="streamline" d="M 10 25 C 70 25, 110 35, 190 35" />
          <path class="streamline streamline-fast" d="M 10 45 C 70 45, 90 28, 190 28" />
          <path class="streamline streamline-fast" d="M 10 85 C 70 85, 90 102, 190 102" />
          <path class="streamline" d="M 10 105 C 70 105, 110 95, 190 95" />

          
          
          <path d="M 175 65 L 125 57 L 45 59 L 25 54 L 20 65 L 25 76 L 45 71 L 125 73 Z" fill="url(#jetGrad)" />
          
          <polygon points="105,60 50,18 40,24 68,60" fill="#64748b" />
          <polygon points="105,70 50,112 40,106 68,70" fill="#475569" />
          
          <line x1="175" y1="65" x2="190" y2="65" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" />
          <polygon points="145,63 120,63 125,65 140,65" fill="#38bdf8" opacity="0.85" />
          
          <rect x="5" y="63" width="20" height="4" fill="#cbd5e1" rx="1" />
        </svg>
      </div>
      <div class="action-badge badge-down">Scaled Down</div>
      <div class="card-title">Wind-Tunnel Jet</div>
      <div class="card-label">Scaled down for testing</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="model-card" id="cardMolecule">
      <div class="visual-stage">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 200 130">
          <defs>
            <radialGradient id="oxygenGrad" cx="35%" cy="35%" r="65%">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f87171" />
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#dc2626" />
            </radialGradient>
            <radialGradient id="hydrogenGrad" cx="35%" cy="35%" r="65%">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#ffffff" />
              <stop offset="70%" stop-color="#f1f5f9" />
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#cbd5e1" />
            </radialGradient>
            <filter id="dropShadow" x="-10%" y="-10%" width="130%" height="130%">
              <feDropShadow dx="0" dy="2" stdDeviation="2" flood-opacity="0.15" />
            </filter>
          </defs>

          <g class="molecule-group">
            
            <line x1="100" y1="52" x2="52" y2="92" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="9" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <line x1="100" y1="52" x2="148" y2="92" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="9" stroke-linecap="round" />

            
            <line x1="100" y1="50" x2="52" y2="90" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <line x1="100" y1="50" x2="148" y2="90" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round" />

            
            <circle cx="50" cy="94" r="18" fill="url(#hydrogenGrad)" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" filter="url(#dropShadow)" />
            <text x="50" y="99" font-size="14" font-weight="800" fill="#334155" text-anchor="middle">H</text>

            
            <circle cx="150" cy="94" r="18" fill="url(#hydrogenGrad)" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" filter="url(#dropShadow)" />
            <text x="150" y="99" font-size="14" font-weight="800" fill="#334155" text-anchor="middle">H</text>

            
            <circle cx="100" cy="46" r="25" fill="url(#oxygenGrad)" stroke="#b91c1c" stroke-width="1.5" filter="url(#dropShadow)" />
            <text x="100" y="52" font-size="17" font-weight="800" fill="#ffffff" text-anchor="middle">O</text>
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>
      <div class="action-badge badge-up">Scaled Up</div>
      <div class="card-title">Water Molecule (H₂O)</div>
      <div class="card-label">Scaled up to touch</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
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      card.addEventListener('click', () => {
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        card.classList.add('active');
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  </script>
</body>
</html>

Types of Scientific Models: Physical, Mathematical and Conceptual

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .model-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 14px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .card-header {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;
      padding-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .model-title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }

    .model-formula {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }

    .flow-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .inputs-group {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      flex: 1;
      min-width: 180px;
    }

    .input-box {
      flex: 1;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .input-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
    }

    .input-val {
      color: #1e2945;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    input[type="range"] {
      -webkit-appearance: none;
      appearance: none;
      width: 100%;
      height: 4px;
      border-radius: 2px;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      outline: none;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    input[type="range"]::-webkit-slider-thumb {
      -webkit-appearance: none;
      appearance: none;
      width: 14px;
      height: 14px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #2563eb;
      cursor: pointer;
      border: 2px solid #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
    }

    .operator {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #94a3b8;
      align-self: center;
    }

    .arrow {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #059669;
    }

    .output-box {
      flex: 0 0 auto;
      min-width: 110px;
      background: #ecfdf5;
      border: 1px solid #a7f3d0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: flex-start;
      gap: 2px;
    }

    .output-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #047857;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.03em;
    }

    .output-val {
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #065f46;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }

    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .flow-row {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: stretch;
      }
      .arrow {
        align-self: center;
        transform: rotate(90deg);
        margin: -2px 0;
      }
      .output-box {
        align-items: center;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="model-card">
    <div class="card-header">
      <span class="model-title">Distance Model</span>
      <span class="model-formula">d = v · t</span>
    </div>
    <div class="flow-row">
      <div class="inputs-group">
        <div class="input-box">
          <div class="input-label">
            <span>Speed</span>
            <span class="input-val" id="v-val">60 mph</span>
          </div>
          <input type="range" id="v-in" min="20" max="100" step="5" value="60">
        </div>
        <div class="operator">×</div>
        <div class="input-box">
          <div class="input-label">
            <span>Time</span>
            <span class="input-val" id="t-val">2 h</span>
          </div>
          <input type="range" id="t-in" min="1" max="6" step="0.5" value="2">
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="arrow">→</div>
      <div class="output-box">
        <span class="output-label">Distance</span>
        <span class="output-val" id="d-out">120 miles</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="model-card">
    <div class="card-header">
      <span class="model-title">Force Model</span>
      <span class="model-formula">F = m · a</span>
    </div>
    <div class="flow-row">
      <div class="inputs-group">
        <div class="input-box">
          <div class="input-label">
            <span>Mass</span>
            <span class="input-val" id="m-val">5 kg</span>
          </div>
          <input type="range" id="m-in" min="1" max="15" step="1" value="5">
        </div>
        <div class="operator">×</div>
        <div class="input-box">
          <div class="input-label">
            <span>Accel.</span>
            <span class="input-val" id="a-val">2 m/s²</span>
          </div>
          <input type="range" id="a-in" min="1" max="10" step="1" value="2">
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="arrow">→</div>
      <div class="output-box">
        <span class="output-label">Force</span>
        <span class="output-val" id="f-out">10 N</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const vIn = document.getElementById('v-in');
    const tIn = document.getElementById('t-in');
    const vVal = document.getElementById('v-val');
    const tVal = document.getElementById('t-val');
    const dOut = document.getElementById('d-out');

    function updateMotion() {
      const v = parseFloat(vIn.value);
      const t = parseFloat(tIn.value);
      vVal.textContent = `${v} mph`;
      tVal.textContent = `${t} h`;
      dOut.textContent = `${Math.round(v * t)} miles`;
    }

    vIn.addEventListener('input', updateMotion);
    tIn.addEventListener('input', updateMotion);

    const mIn = document.getElementById('m-in');
    const aIn = document.getElementById('a-in');
    const mVal = document.getElementById('m-val');
    const aVal = document.getElementById('a-val');
    const fOut = document.getElementById('f-out');

    function updateForce() {
      const m = parseFloat(mIn.value);
      const a = parseFloat(aIn.value);
      mVal.textContent = `${m} kg`;
      aVal.textContent = `${a} m/s²`;
      fOut.textContent = `${Math.round(m * a)} N`;
    }

    mIn.addEventListener('input', updateForce);
    aIn.addEventListener('input', updateForce);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Water Cycle Conceptual Model</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    /* Key Legend Header */
    .legend {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 480px;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }
    .legend-tag {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .tag-nodes {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      border: 1px solid #bae6fd;
    }
    .tag-arrows {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #92400e;
      border: 1px solid #fde68a;
    }

    /* Main SVG Canvas */
    .svg-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 500px;
      flex-grow: 1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    /* SVG Styling */
    .node-box {
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .node-box:hover {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.12));
    }
    .node-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
    }
    .node-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      fill: #64748b;
    }

    .flow-label {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      letter-spacing: -0.2px;
    }
    .flow-sub {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 500;
    }

    .flow-evap { fill: #d97706; }
    .flow-precip { fill: #0284c7; }
    .flow-runoff { fill: #0d9488; }

    /* Animated dashed arrows */
    .flow-line {
      fill: none;
      stroke-dasharray: 6, 6;
      animation: dashMove 1.4s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes dashMove {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 24; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }

    /* Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-top: 6px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    .btn-step {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }
    .btn-step.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
    }
    .btn-step:hover:not(.active) {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="legend">
    <span class="legend-tag tag-nodes">● Nodes = States of Matter</span>
    <span class="legend-tag tag-arrows">➔ Arrows = Flow of Energy & Mass</span>
  </div>

  
  <div class="svg-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 460 300">
      <defs>
        
        <marker id="arrow-evap" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="8" refX="5" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M0,0 L0,6 L6,3 z" fill="#f59e0b" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrow-precip" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="8" refX="5" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M0,0 L0,6 L6,3 z" fill="#0284c7" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrow-runoff" markerWidth="8" markerHeight="8" refX="5" refY="3" orient="auto">
          <path d="M0,0 L0,6 L6,3 z" fill="#0d9488" />
        </marker>

        
        <radialGradient id="sunGlow" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#fef08a" stop-opacity="1" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f59e0b" stop-opacity="0" />
        </radialGradient>
      </defs>

      
      <g transform="translate(48, 38)">
        <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="22" fill="url(#sunGlow)" />
        <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="12" fill="#f59e0b" />
        <text x="0" y="4" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12">☀️</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-evap">
        <path d="M 95 210 C 70 125, 130 95, 200 68" 
              class="flow-line" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="3" 
              marker-end="url(#arrow-evap)" />
        <g transform="translate(85, 128)">
          <rect x="-6" y="-14" width="134" height="28" rx="4" fill="#fffbeb" stroke="#fde68a" />
          <text x="61" y="-1" text-anchor="middle" class="flow-label flow-evap">Evaporation</text>
          <text x="61" y="10" text-anchor="middle" class="flow-sub flow-evap">Sun Energy Flow ⬆</text>
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g id="node-cloud" class="node-box" transform="translate(275, 58)">
        <rect x="-70" y="-24" width="140" height="48" rx="12" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#bae6fd" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="-48" y="7" font-size="20">☁️</text>
        <text x="6" y="-3" class="node-title" text-anchor="middle">Condensation</text>
        <text x="6" y="13" class="node-sub" text-anchor="middle">Cloud Droplets</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-precip">
        <path d="M 320 85 C 360 130, 365 175, 345 212" 
              class="flow-line" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="3" 
              marker-end="url(#arrow-precip)" />
        <g transform="translate(355, 142)">
          <rect x="-56" y="-14" width="112" height="28" rx="4" fill="#f0f9ff" stroke="#bae6fd" />
          <text x="0" y="-1" text-anchor="middle" class="flow-label flow-precip">Precipitation</text>
          <text x="0" y="10" text-anchor="middle" class="flow-sub flow-precip">Rain Mass Flow ⬇</text>
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g id="node-land" class="node-box" transform="translate(350, 245)">
        <rect x="-65" y="-22" width="130" height="44" rx="10" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="2" />
        <text x="-44" y="6" font-size="18">🏔️</text>
        <text x="8" y="-3" class="node-title" text-anchor="middle">Land Surface</text>
        <text x="8" y="13" class="node-sub" text-anchor="middle">Collection Area</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="group-runoff">
        <path d="M 282 250 C 235 258, 205 258, 168 250" 
              class="flow-line" stroke="#0d9488" stroke-width="3" 
              marker-end="url(#arrow-runoff)" />
        <g transform="translate(225, 236)">
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      <h1 class="main-title">3 Types of Scientific Models</h1>
      <p class="hint-text">Select a model type below to explore how scientists use it</p>
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        <span class="badge badge-blue">Physical</span>
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          <div class="subtitle">Touchable 3D objects</div>
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          <div class="title">Mathematical</div>
          <div class="subtitle">Equations & data graphs</div>
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        <span class="badge badge-coral">Conceptual</span>
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          <div class="title">Conceptual</div>
          <div class="subtitle">Flowcharts & systems</div>
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        <span class="detail-title" id="detailTitle" style="color: #1d4ed8;">✈️ Physical Models</span>
        <span class="badge badge-blue" id="detailBadge">3D Tangible</span>
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        Physical models are smaller, larger, or simplified 3D copies of real objects built to test physical behaviors and examine structural parts.
      </p>
      <div class="detail-examples" id="detailExamples" style="border-left-color: #2563eb;">
        <strong>Common Examples:</strong> Airplane in a wind tunnel, desktop globe, DNA double-helix wire sculpture.
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Analiza wymiarowa — sprawdzanie jednorodności równań fizycznych

Wyprowadzanie postaci zależności fizycznych metodą analizy wymiarowej

Bezwymiarowe wielkości fizyczne — kąt, współczynnik tarcia i współczynnik załamania

Kąt płaski i bryłowy — radian oraz steradian w układzie SI

Pozaukładowe jednostki w astronomii — rok świetlny, AU i parsek

Temperatura bezwzględna — kelwin a skale Celsjusza i Fahrenheita

Trening przeliczania złożonych jednostek i analizy wymiarowej

science

Analiza wymiarowa i jednostki specjalne w fizyce

The Engineering Design Process in Action

Identifying Engineering Sub-Problems Within a System

Using Scientific Principles to Guide Design Requirements

Identifying the Best Features From Multiple Solutions

Applying the Engineering Design Process

Zapis wykładniczy — notacja naukowa liczb w fizyce

Szacowanie rzędu wielkości i zaokrąglanie do najbliższej potęgi dziesięciu

Problemy Fermiego — jak szacować złożone wielkości z prostych założeń

Obliczenia szacunkowe w kinematyce i dynamice — ocena czasu i dystansu

Obliczenia szacunkowe energii i mocy w zjawiskach codziennych

Szacowanie rzędów wielkości i problemy Fermiego w fizyce

Gathering SI and Qualitative Data in Investigations

Building Data Tables With Repeated Trials and Averages

Graphing Results With Repeated Trials

Evaluating Model Size, Scale, Properties, and Materials

Identifying Sources of Error in Investigations

Using Math to Compare Science Data

Identifying Key Features and Patterns in Science Data

Using Input-Output Tables for Cause and Effect

Data Collection and Analysis

Evaluating Scale, Fidelity, and Assumptions in Models

Evaluating and Refining Mathematical Models

Applying Scientific Models to Evaluate Engineering Solutions

Scientific and Engineering Modeling

Układ współrzędnych i rzuty wektora na osie x oraz y

Obliczanie składowych wektora za pomocą funkcji trygonometrycznych

Obliczanie wartości wektora i jego kierunku ze składowych — twierdzenie Pitagorasa

Analityczne dodawanie wektorów przez sumowanie składowych

Rozkład siły na równi pochyłej na składową styczną i normalną

Składanie prędkości w ruchu względnym — pływanie w rzece i lot z wiatrem

Iloczyn skalarny dwóch wektorów i jego zastosowanie w definicji pracy

Warunki równowagi sił dla punktu materialnego — zerowanie się sumy wektorowej

Trening rozwiązywania złożonych problemów wektorowych w mechanice

Analityczne metody wektorowe i ich zastosowanie w mechanice

Introduction to the Periodic Table

Finding Elements on the Periodic Table

Chemical Symbols for Elements

Counting Each Kind of Atom in a Formula

Using the Periodic Table to Identify Atoms in a Formula

Interpreting Chemical Formulas in Real-World Contexts

Elements vs. Compounds: What Makes Them Different

Building a Model Periodic Table Using Eco-Friendly Materials

Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Formulas

Characteristics of Effective Scientific Models

Using Digital Models and Simulations to Test Ideas

Generating Data From Model Tests

Modifying a Model Based on Test Results

Advantages and Limitations of Scientific Models

Scientific Models and Their Uses

What Is Scale in Science?

Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Scale

Atomic Scale: How Small Is an Atom?

Cellular Scale: Size of Cells and Organelles

Organism Scale: From Cells to Organisms

Population Scale: From Individuals to Populations

Ecosystem Scale: From Populations to Ecosystems

Astronomical Scale: From Earth to Solar System

Understanding Scale Across Natural Systems

Proportional Reasoning in Science

How Scale Affects System Performance

Scaling Up and Scaling Down in Engineering

Quantity: Measuring and Comparing Amounts

Using Scientific Notation for Large and Small Scales

Surface Area to Volume Ratio Effects

Proportion, Quantity, and System Performance

What Is a System in Science?

Identifying System Boundaries

Parts of a System and Their Roles

Interdependence Among System Parts

Inputs and Outputs of Systems

Open vs. Closed Systems

Feedback Loops in Systems

Fundamentals of Systems

Modeling Systems With Diagrams

Modeling Systems With Physical Models

Modeling Systems With Computer Simulations

Ecosystems as Systems

Earth as a System

The Human Body as a System

Weather as a System

What Happens When a System Part Fails

Limitations of System Models

Modeling and Analyzing Scientific Systems

Rozpoznawanie rodzaju zależności z kształtu krzywej — liniowa, kwadratowa, odwrotna

Odczytywanie wielkości kluczowych z wykresu — ekstrema, miejsca zerowe i punkty przegięcia

Interpolacja i ekstrapolacja danych pomiarowych na wykresie

Przekształcanie danych z postaci tabelarycznej na wykres i odwrotnie

Wykresy wielowarstwowe i porównywanie kilku serii pomiarowych na jednym rysunku

Skale półlogarytmiczne i logarytmiczne — podstawy stosowania w fizyce

Schematy blokowe i diagramy przepływu w opisie procesów fizycznych

Analiza błędów w konstrukcji wykresów i ich korekta

Trening kompleksowy — od surowych danych pomiarowych do profesjonalnego wykresu

Analiza, interpretacja i zaawansowane reprezentacje wykresów

Overview of Our Solar System's Components

The Sun's Role in Our Solar System

Terrestrial Planets: Mercury Through Mars

Gas and Ice Giants: Jupiter Through Neptune

Natural Satellites: Moons of Planets

Small Bodies in the Solar System

Understanding Distances in Our Solar System

Orbital Patterns and Planetary Motion

Creating Scale Models of the Solar System

Earth's Orbit, Seasons, and the Moon

Our Solar System

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Plant vs. Animal Cell Structures and Functions

Cell Structures and Organelle Functions

How Traits Are Passed From Parent to Offspring

Predicting Trait Inheritance With Punnett Squares

Food Chains and Food Webs in Ecosystems

Tracing Energy Through Food Chains and Webs

How Adaptations Help Organisms Survive

Cells, Organisms, and Ecosystems

Linearyzacja zależności kwadratowej y = cx^2 — wykres względem x^2

Linearyzacja zależności odwrotnie proporcjonalnej y = c/x — wykres względem 1/x

Linearyzacja zależności wykładniczej metodą logarytmowania obustronnego

Szacowanie niepewności współczynnika kierunkowego metodą prostej skrajnej

Metoda najmniejszych kwadratów — sens matematyczny regresji liniowej

Zestaw zadań maturalnych z dopasowywania prostej i interpretacji parametrów

Linearyzacja zależności nieliniowych i zaawansowana analiza regresji

Pojęcie modelu fizycznego — idealizacja i upraszczanie rzeczywistości

Punkt materialny jako podstawowy model ciała w mechanice

Bryła sztywna — model ciała o stałych odległościach między punktami

Płyn idealny i ciecz nielepka — założenia modelu hydrodynamicznego

Gaz doskonały — mikroskopowe założenia kinetyczno-cząsteczkowe

Gaz rzeczywisty a doskonały — granice stosowalności modelu Clapeyrona

Wahadło matematyczne — założenia: punkt, nieważka nić i małe kąty wychylenia

Oscylator harmoniczny — liniowa siła zwrotna i model sprężyny idealnej

Spadek swobodny jako model ruchu bez oporów powietrza

Rzut ukośny — składanie dwóch niezależnych ruchów prostoliniowych

Modele w mechanice klasycznej i termodynamice

Promień świetlny jako model geometryczny w optyce geometrycznej

Fala płaska i kulista — modele rozchodzenia się zaburzeń falowych

Ciało doskonale czarne — model promieniotwórczości cieplnej

Model atomu wodoru Bohra — półklasyczne założenia kwantowe

Kryteria weryfikacji i falsyfikacji modeli fizycznych na podstawie doświadczeń

Tworzenie własnego modelu matematycznego dla złożonego zjawiska fizycznego

Modele w optyce, fizyce współczesnej i metodyka modelowania

Fizyka lotu samolotu — siła nośna, profil skrzydła i opory powietrza

Fizyka sportu — biomechanika skoku, biegu i rotacji w pływaniu oraz gimnastyce

Zjawiska termiczne w klimacie — efekt szklarniowy, albedo i pojemność cieplna oceanów

Zjawiska indukcji elektromagnetycznej w transformatorach, silnikach i kuchenkach indukcyjnych

Promieniowanie jonizujące w medycynie — rentgenodiagnostyka, tomografia i radioterapia

Zjawiska w skali astronomicznej — pływy morskie, ciążenie i zjawiska zaćmieniowe

Oddzielanie czynników głównych od fluktuacji w złożonej sytuacji problemowej

Studium przypadku — kompleksowa fizyczna analiza wypadku drogowego lub awarii technicznej

Fizyka w technice, środowisku i złożonej analizie problemowej

Analiza tekstu o misjach kosmicznych i eksploracji Układu Słonecznego

Analiza tekstu o energetyce jądrowej i fuzji termojądrowej — projekty ITER i NIF

Analiza tekstu o fizyce klimatu i raportach IPCC

Analiza tekstu o komputerach kwantowych — kubity, splątanie i superpozycja

Przekładanie tekstu popularnonaukowego na wzory fizyczne i modele schematyczne

Tworzenie streszczenia (abstraktu) i notatki syntetycznej z materiału źródłowego

Przygotowanie prezentacji naukowej na podstawie wielu źródeł bibliograficznych

Analiza zadań maturalnych opartych na długich tekstach źródłowych

Warsztat krytycznego myślenia i dyskusja nad nowoczesnymi doniesieniami ze świata fizyki

Analiza, synteza i modelowanie w oparciu o teksty z fizyki

Algorytm krok po kroku rozwiązywania złożonych zadań z fizyki

Rozwiązywanie zadań na symbolach — zalety zapisu analitycznego i kontroli wymiarowej

Zadania wielodziałowe — łączenie mechaniki z termodynamiką (zamiana pracy na ciepło)

Zadania wielodziałowe — łączenie elektrodynamiki z mechaniką (ruch ładunku w polach E i B)

Zadania wielodziałowe — łączenie optyki z fizyką kwantową i atomową

Bilanse energii i pędu jako uniwersalny klucz do rozwiązywania problemów fizycznych

Przekształcanie złożonych układów równań nieliniowych w zadaniach fizycznych

Analiza przypadków granicznych jako metoda weryfikacji poprawności wzoru końcowego

Zaawansowany trening maturalny — rozwiązywanie nietypowych zadań problemowych CKE

Wielka synteza metodologiczna — warsztat fizyka-badacza i egzamin mistrzowski

Strategie rozwiązywania złożonych zadań wielodziałowych z fizyki

OGS.8.SEP.5

OGS.8.SEP.5

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Related diagrams