<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .toolbar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .step-pills {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .pill-btn {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .pill-btn.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.35);
    }

    .play-btn {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 50%;
      width: 32px;
      height: 32px;
      font-size: 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      cursor: pointer;
      color: #1e2945;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .diagram-viewport {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      position: relative;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 12px;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px #e2e8f0;
    }

    svg {
      display: block;
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
    }

    /* Transition states */
    .block-right {
      transition: transform 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
      transform-origin: 290px 180px;
    }

    .fault-displaced .block-right {
      transform: translate(14px, 28px);
    }

    .dike-elem {
      transition: opacity 0.5s ease;
    }

    .fault-line-group {
      transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
    }

    .fade-out {
      opacity: 0;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    .fade-in {
      opacity: 1;
    }

    /* Explanation Banner */
    .info-bar {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      margin-top: 8px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 44px;
    }

    .principle-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .order-formula {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .age-pill {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 22px;
      height: 22px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #ffffff;
      font-weight: bold;
    }

    .pill-a { background: #d97706; }
    .pill-b { background: #059669; }
    .pill-c { background: #0284c7; }
    .pill-d { background: #991b1b; }
    .pill-f { background: #dc2626; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toolbar">
    <div class="step-pills">
      <button class="pill-btn active" onclick="setStep(0)">1. Strata A–C</button>
      <button class="pill-btn" onclick="setStep(1)">2. Dike D</button>
      <button class="pill-btn" onclick="setStep(2)">3. Fault F</button>
      <button class="pill-btn" onclick="setStep(3)">4. Chronology</button>
    </div>
    <button class="play-btn" id="playBtn" onclick="togglePlay()" title="Auto-play">⏸</button>
  </div>

  <div class="diagram-viewport">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 600 360">
      <defs>
        
        <clipPath id="clipLeft">
          <polygon points="0,0 380,0 200,360 0,360" />
        </clipPath>
        <clipPath id="clipRight">
          <polygon points="380,0 600,0 600,360 200,360" />
        </clipPath>

        
        <pattern id="patA" width="20" height="20" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
          <rect width="20" height="20" fill="#fde68a" />
          <circle cx="5" cy="5" r="1.5" fill="#d97706" opacity="0.3" />
          <circle cx="15" cy="13" r="1.5" fill="#d97706" opacity="0.3" />
        </pattern>
        <pattern id="patB" width="30" height="15" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
          <rect width="30" height="15" fill="#a7f3d0" />
          <line x1="0" y1="7" x2="30" y2="7" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="8,6" opacity="0.4" />
        </pattern>
        <pattern id="patC" width="24" height="16" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
          <rect width="24" height="16" fill="#bae6fd" />
          <rect x="2" y="2" width="8" height="5" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="0.8" opacity="0.4" />
          <rect x="14" y="9" width="8" height="5" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="0.8" opacity="0.4" />
        </pattern>

        
        <filter id="shadow" x="-10%" y="-10%" width="130%" height="130%">
          <feDropShadow dx="2" dy="3" stdDeviation="4" flood-opacity="0.25" />
        </filter>
      </defs>

      
      <g clip-path="url(#clipLeft)">
        
        <rect x="0" y="240" width="600" height="120" fill="url(#patA)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />
        <rect x="0" y="130" width="600" height="110" fill="url(#patB)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />
        <rect x="0" y="20"  width="600" height="110" fill="url(#patC)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />

        
        <g class="dike-elem" id="dikeLeft">
          <polygon points="265,20 305,20 285,360 245,360" fill="#991b1b" />
          
          <polygon points="262,280 272,275 276,288 266,294" fill="#fde68a" stroke="#78350f" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <polygon points="274,310 282,305 285,316 276,322" fill="#fde68a" stroke="#78350f" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <polygon points="256,250 264,244 268,252 258,258" fill="#fde68a" stroke="#78350f" stroke-width="1.5" />
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g id="rightBlockGroup" class="block-right" clip-path="url(#clipRight)">
        
        <rect x="0" y="240" width="600" height="120" fill="url(#patA)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />
        <rect x="0" y="130" width="600" height="110" fill="url(#patB)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />
        <rect x="0" y="20"  width="600" height="110" fill="url(#patC)" stroke="#cbd5e1" />

        
        <g class="dike-elem" id="dikeRight">
          <polygon points="265,20 305,20 285,360 245,360" fill="#991b1b" />
          <polygon points="288,160 296,155 298,166 290,172" fill="#fde68a" stroke="#78350f" stroke-width="1.5" />
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g id="faultGroup" class="fault-line-group fade-out">
        <line x1="380" y1="0" x2="200" y2="360" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="3.5" stroke-dasharray="6,4" />
        
        <g fill="#dc2626" font-size="12" font-weight="bold">
          <path d="M 235,270 L 245,280 L 225,280 Z" />
          <path d="M 335,110 L 325,100 L 345,100 Z" />
          <text x="350" y="45" fill="#dc2626">Fault F</text>
        </g>
      </g>

      
      <g font-size="14" font-weight="bold" fill="#334155">
        <text x="30" y="80">Layer C</text>
        <text x="30" y="190">Layer B</text>
        <text x="30" y="305">Layer A (Oldest)</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="dikeLabel" class="dike-elem fade-out" font-size="14" font-weight="bold" fill="#991b1b">
        <text x="270" y="15" text-anchor="middle">Dike D</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="xenolithZoom" class="dike-elem fade-out" filter="url(#shadow)">
        <circle cx="500" cy="105" r="52" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2.5" />
        
        
        <g clip-path="url(#zoomClip)">
          <clipPath id="zoomClip">
            <circle cx="500" cy="105" r="50" />
          </clipPath>
          <rect x="445" y="50" width="110" height="110" fill="#991b1b" />
          
          <polygon points="480,90 515,75 528,110 495,128" fill="#fde68a" stroke="#78350f" stroke-width="2.5" />
          <text x="504" y="105" font-size="11" font-weight="bold" fill="#78350f" text-anchor="middle">A</text>
        </g>
        
        
        <path d="M 448,115 Q 380,180 278,285" fill="none" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="3,3" />
        <circle cx="278" cy="285" r="4" fill="#0284c7" />

        <text x="500" y="172" font-size="12" font-weight="bold" fill="#0f172a" text-anchor="middle">Xenolith of A</text>
        <text x="500" y="186" font-size="10" fill="#64748b" text-anchor="middle">(Host A is older)</text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="info-bar">
    <div class="principle-tag" id="ruleBadge">Superposition</div>
    <div class="order-formula" id="formulaText">
      <span>Age:</span>
      <span class="age-pill pill-a">A</span>
      <span>&lt;</span>
      <span class="age-pill pill-b">B</span>
      <span>&lt;</span>
      <span class="age-pill pill-c">C</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let currentStep = 0;
    let timer = null;
    let isPlaying = true;

    const stepsData = [
      {
        badge: "Superposition",
        dike: false,
        fault: false,
        zoom: false,
        formula: `<span>Age:</span> <span class="age-pill pill-a">A</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span class="age-pill pill-b">B</span> <span>&lt;</span> <span class="age-pill pill-c">C</span>`
      },
      {
        badge: "Inclusions & Cross-Cutting",
        dike: true,
        fault: false,
        zoom: true,
        formula: `<span>Dike D cuts A–C</span> <span>→</span> <span class="age-pill pill-d">D</span> <span>younger</span>`
      },
      {
        badge: "Cross-Cutting Offset",
        dike: true,
        fault: true,
        zoom: false,
        formula: `<span>Fault F cuts Dike D</span> <span>→</span> <span class="age-pill pill-f">F</span> <span>younger</span>`
      },
      {
        badge: "Final Chronology",
        dike: true,
        fault: true,
        zoom: true,
        formula: `<span class="age-pill pill-a">A</span> &lt; <span class="age-pill pill-b">B</span> &lt; <span class="age-pill pill-c">C</span> &lt; <span class="age-pill pill-d">D</span> &lt; <span class="age-pill pill-f">F</span>`
      }
    ];

    function updateView() {
      const data = stepsData[currentStep];

      // Update Buttons
      document.querySelectorAll('.pill-btn').forEach((btn, idx) => {
        btn.classList.toggle('active', idx === currentStep);
      });

      // Update Elements
      const dikeEls = [document.getElementById('dikeLeft'), document.getElementById('dikeRight'), document.getElementById('dikeLabel')];
      dikeEls.forEach(el => {
        el.style.opacity = data.dike ? '1' : '0';
      });

      const faultGroup = document.getElementById('faultGroup');
      const rightBlock = document.getElementById('rightBlockGroup');
      if (data.fault) {
        faultGroup.classList.remove('fade-out');
        rightBlock.parentElement.classList.add('fault-displaced');
      } else {
        faultGroup.classList.add('fade-out');
        rightBlock.parentElement.classList.remove('fault-displaced');
      }

      const zoom = document.getElementById('xenolithZoom');
      zoom.style.opacity = data.zoom ? '1' : '0';

      // Update Text
      document.getElementById('ruleBadge').textContent = data.badge;
      document.getElementById('formulaText').innerHTML = data.formula;
    }

    function setStep(index) {
      currentStep = index;
      updateView();
    }

    function nextStep() {
      currentStep = (currentStep + 1) % stepsData.length;
      updateView();
    }

    function togglePlay() {
      isPlaying = !isPlaying;
      document.getElementById('playBtn').textContent = isPlaying ? '⏸' : '▶';
      if (isPlaying) {
        startTimer();
      } else {
        clearInterval(timer);
      }
    }

    function startTimer() {
      clearInterval(timer);
      timer = setInterval(nextStep, 3500);
    }

    // Initial run
    updateView();
    startTimer();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Principles of Stratigraphy and Correlation

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .legend {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #b91c1c;
      background: #fef2f2;
      border: 1px solid #fecaca;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 9999px;
      margin-bottom: 10px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.03);
    }

    .wave-icon {
      width: 24px;
      height: 8px;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 680px;
    }

    .panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
    }

    .panel-header {
      padding: 6px 4px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .panel-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .panel-subtitle {
      font-size: 10px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
      margin-top: 1px;
    }

    .svg-container {
      width: 100%;
      height: 190px;
      display: flex;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }

    .label-text {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e293b;
      text-anchor: middle;
      paint-order: stroke;
      stroke: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);
      stroke-width: 2.5px;
      stroke-linejoin: round;
    }

    .sub-label-text {
      font-size: 9.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #475569;
      text-anchor: middle;
      paint-order: stroke;
      stroke: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);
      stroke-width: 2px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 500px) {
      body {
        padding: 8px 6px;
      }
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
        max-width: 360px;
      }
      .svg-container {
        height: 140px;
      }
      .legend {
        font-size: 11px;
        padding: 4px 10px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="legend">
    <svg class="wave-icon" viewBox="0 0 40 10">
      <path d="M 0,5 Q 10,0 20,5 T 40,5" fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
    </svg>
    <span>Hiatus / Unconformity Surface</span>
  </div>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header">
        <div class="panel-title">Angular</div>
        <div class="panel-subtitle">Tilted below, flat above</div>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 160 200" preserveAspectRatio="none">
          <defs>
            <clipPath id="topClip1">
              <path d="M 0,0 L 160,0 L 160,95 L 120,105 Q 80,90 0,100 Z" />
            </clipPath>
            <clipPath id="botClip1">
              <path d="M 0,100 Q 80,90 120,105 L 160,95 L 160,200 L 0,200 Z" />
            </clipPath>
          </defs>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#botClip1)">
            <rect x="0" y="85" width="160" height="120" fill="#f8fafc" />
            <g transform="rotate(-30 80 150)">
              <rect x="-100" y="70" width="360" height="28" fill="#fed7aa" stroke="#fb923c" stroke-width="1" />
              <rect x="-100" y="98" width="360" height="28" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
              <rect x="-100" y="126" width="360" height="28" fill="#bbf7d0" stroke="#4ade80" stroke-width="1" />
              <rect x="-100" y="154" width="360" height="28" fill="#bae6fd" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="1" />
              <rect x="-100" y="182" width="360" height="40" fill="#e2e8f0" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1" />
            </g>
            <text x="80" y="165" class="label-text">Tilted Strata</text>
          </g>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#topClip1)">
            <rect x="0" y="0" width="160" height="32" fill="#fed7aa" stroke="#fb923c" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="32" width="160" height="32" fill="#bae6fd" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="64" width="160" height="50" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="80" y="45" class="label-text">Flat Strata</text>
          </g>

          
          <path d="M 0,100 Q 80,90 120,105 L 160,95" fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header">
        <div class="panel-title">Disconformity</div>
        <div class="panel-subtitle">Parallel strata with erosional gap</div>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 160 200" preserveAspectRatio="none">
          <defs>
            <clipPath id="topClip2">
              <path d="M 0,0 L 160,0 L 160,95 C 130,115 110,90 80,105 C 50,120 30,90 0,98 Z" />
            </clipPath>
            <clipPath id="botClip2">
              <path d="M 0,98 C 30,90 50,120 80,105 C 110,90 130,115 160,95 L 160,200 L 0,200 Z" />
            </clipPath>
          </defs>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#botClip2)">
            <rect x="0" y="85" width="160" height="32" fill="#d9f99d" stroke="#84cc16" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="117" width="160" height="30" fill="#fed7aa" stroke="#fb923c" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="147" width="160" height="30" fill="#bbf7d0" stroke="#4ade80" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="177" width="160" height="30" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="80" y="165" class="label-text">Parallel Strata</text>
          </g>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#topClip2)">
            <rect x="0" y="0" width="160" height="32" fill="#fed7aa" stroke="#fb923c" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="32" width="160" height="32" fill="#bae6fd" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="64" width="160" height="60" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="80" y="45" class="label-text">Parallel Strata</text>
          </g>

          
          <path d="M 0,98 C 30,90 50,120 80,105 C 110,90 130,115 160,95" fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header">
        <div class="panel-title">Nonconformity</div>
        <div class="panel-subtitle">Crystalline rock below strata</div>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 160 200" preserveAspectRatio="none">
          <defs>
            <clipPath id="topClip3">
              <path d="M 0,0 L 160,0 L 160,95 Q 120,110 80,95 Q 40,85 0,102 Z" />
            </clipPath>
            <clipPath id="botClip3">
              <path d="M 0,102 Q 40,85 80,95 Q 120,110 160,95 L 160,200 L 0,200 Z" />
            </clipPath>
            <pattern id="crystal" width="16" height="16" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
              <path d="M 4,4 L 12,12 M 12,4 L 4,12 M 8,1 L 8,15 M 1,8 L 15,8" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="0.8" />
            </pattern>
          </defs>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#botClip3)">
            <rect x="0" y="80" width="160" height="120" fill="#e2e8f0" />
            <rect x="0" y="80" width="160" height="120" fill="url(#crystal)" />
            <text x="80" y="152" class="label-text">Crystalline</text>
            <text x="80" y="168" class="sub-label-text">Igneous / Metamorphic</text>
          </g>

          
          <g clip-path="url(#topClip3)">
            <rect x="0" y="0" width="160" height="32" fill="#fed7aa" stroke="#fb923c" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="32" width="160" height="32" fill="#bae6fd" stroke="#38bdf8" stroke-width="1" />
            <rect x="0" y="64" width="160" height="55" fill="#fef08a" stroke="#eab308" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="80" y="45" class="label-text">Sedimentary</text>
          </g>

          
          <path d="M 0,102 Q 40,85 80,95 Q 120,110 160,95" fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Principles of Stratigraphy</title>
  <style>
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</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-bar">
    <div class="badge-title" id="stepCounter">Step 1 of 8</div>
    <div class="principle-tag" id="principleLabel">Superposition</div>
  </div>

  <div class="stage-box">
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      <button class="dot-btn" data-step="2" title="Step 3">3</button>
      <button class="dot-btn" data-step="3" title="Step 4">4</button>
      <button class="dot-btn" data-step="4" title="Step 5">5</button>
      <button class="dot-btn" data-step="5" title="Step 6">6</button>
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      <button class="nav-btn primary" id="playBtn">▶ Auto Play</button>
      <button class="nav-btn" id="nextBtn">Next ▶</button>
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    <div class="info-bar">
      <div class="info-header">
        <span>Event Explanation</span>
        <span>Oldest (1) → Youngest (8)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="info-desc" id="stepDesc">1. Units 1, 2, 3 deposited horizontally (1 oldest → 3 youngest)</div>
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    <button class="nav-btn" onclick="showLaw(1)">2. Horizontality</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" onclick="showLaw(2)">3. Lateral Continuity</button>
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      <div class="panel-title">Superposition</div>
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Relative Dating and Stratigraphic Principles

Unconformities and Chronostratigraphic Correlation

Principles of Radiometric Decay and Half-Life

Radionuclide Systems and Mass Spectrometry

Isochron Dating and Closure Temperature

Calibrating the Geological Column with Integrated Geochronology

The Anthropocene Epoch and Golden Spike Criteria

science

Geochronology and Earth's Chronostratigraphic Record

Tectonic Drivers of Icehouse Climates

Astronomical Forcing and Milankovitch Cycles

Marine and Ice-Core Palaeoclimate Proxies

Terrestrial Records of Quaternary Environments

Quaternary Geochronology: Incremental and Synchronous Methods

Quaternary Geochronology: Radiometric Techniques

Climate Instability and Hominin Evolution

Quaternary Geology and Palaeoclimatology

Phanerozoic Palaeogeography and Continental Configurations

Long-Term Carbon Dioxide and Atmospheric Evolution

Eustatic Sea-Level Fluctuations and Sequence Stratigraphy

Stable Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Palaeothermometry

Sedimentary Palaeoclimatic Indicators and Evaporite Sequences

The Wilson Cycle and Supercontinent Dynamics

Tectonic-Climate Feedbacks Across the Wilson Cycle

Phanerozoic Palaeoenvironments, Geochemical Proxies and Global Tectonics

Walther's Law and Sedimentary Facies Successions

Diagenesis and Lithification Processes

High-Precision Radiometric Dating Systems

Tectonic Terrane Accretion and Suture Zones

Mass Extinction Triggers and Biostratigraphic Turnover

Quaternary Paleoclimates and Milankovitch Forcing

Chronostratigraphy, Paleoenvironments, and Deep Time

Historical Development of the Plate Tectonics Paradigm

Plate Driving Mechanisms: Slab Pull, Ridge Push and Mantle Drag

Geodetic Evidence: GPS Monitoring of Plate Velocities

Ocean Floor Magnetic Anomalies and Seafloor Spreading

Global Distribution of Volcanism and Orogenic Belts

Tectonic Regimes: Stress, Strain and Structural Rock Deformation

Global Tectonics and Structural Deformation

Modes of Fossil Preservation and Taphonomy

Macrofossil Morphology and Evolutionary Adaptations

Microfossils in Palaeoceanography and Biostratigraphy

Index Fossils and Biozone Correlation

Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium and Evolutionary Radiations

The End-Permian and Cretaceous-Palaeogene Mass Extinctions

Biotic Recovery and Evolutionary Faunas Through Time

Palaeontology, Biostratigraphy and Macroevolution

Neoproterozoic Basement and the Dalradian Supergroup

The Iapetus Ocean and Caledonian Terrane Assembly

Lithotectonic Terranes of the Northern British Caledonides

Devonian Old Red Sandstone and Post-Orogenic Basins

Carboniferous Shallow Seas, Deltaics, and Coal Swamps

The Variscan Orogeny and Late Palaeozoic Deformation

Palaeozoic Stratigraphy and Terrane Assembly of the British Isles

Geological Time, Uniformitarianism and Historical Catastrophism

Weathering, Sediment Transport and Textural Maturity

Deep-Water Sedimentary Processes: Turbidity Currents and Bouma Sequences

Sedimentary Facies and Modern Depositional Analogues

Applying Walther's Law in 2D and 3D Stratigraphic Sections

Fossils and Trace Fossils as Palaeoenvironmental Indicators

Diagenesis and Lithification: Cements, Compaction and Recrystallisation

Evolution of Porosity and Permeability in Sedimentary Reservoirs

Sedimentary Processes, Facies and Diagenesis

Permo-Triassic Deserts and Evaporite Basins

Jurassic and Cretaceous Marine Basins and Chalk Seas

Cenozoic Atlantic Opening and the British Paleogene Igneous Province

Subsurface Geophysics and Offshore Basin Stratigraphy

Palaeomagnetic and Sedimentary Evidence for Latitudinal Drift

Global Tectonic Synthesis of the British Stratigraphic Record

Mesozoic–Cenozoic Basins, Magmatism, and Tectonic Synthesis of the British Isles

OGS.13.ESS.4

OGS.13.ESS.4

Aligned learning resources

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