<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px 8px;
      user-select: none;
    }
    
    .diagram-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 10px;
      max-width: 580px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .column {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      transition: box-shadow 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease;
    }

    .column.ancestral {
      border-color: #bbf7d0;
      background: #f0fdf4;
    }
    .column.modern {
      border-color: #fecaca;
      background: #fef2f2;
    }

    .col-header {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.2px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .ancestral .col-header { color: #166534; }
    .modern .col-header { color: #991b1b; }

    .node {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 6px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .node-icon {
      font-size: 24px;
      line-height: 1.1;
    }

    .node-text {
      font-size: 12.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.2;
      color: #334155;
    }

    .shared-drive {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border-color: #bfdbfe;
    }
    .shared-drive .node-text {
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .arrow {
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 800;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      padding: 4px 10px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .badge-adaptive {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
      border: 1px solid #86efac;
    }

    .badge-mismatch {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #b91c1c;
      border: 1px solid #fca5a5;
    }

    @media (max-width: 360px) {
      .col-header { font-size: 13px; }
      .node-text { font-size: 11.5px; }
      .node-icon { font-size: 20px; }
      .badge { font-size: 10px; padding: 3px 8px; }
      .diagram-grid { gap: 6px; }
      .column { padding: 8px 4px; gap: 6px; }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-grid">
    
    <div class="column ancestral">
      <div class="col-header">Ancestral (EEA)</div>

      <div class="node">
        <div class="node-icon">🫐 🍖</div>
        <div class="node-text">Scarce Calories</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow">↓</div>

      <div class="node shared-drive">
        <div class="node-icon">🧠 ⚡</div>
        <div class="node-text">Sugar & Fat Drive</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow">↓</div>

      <div class="node">
        <div class="node-icon">🏃 🛡️</div>
        <div class="node-text">High Survival</div>
      </div>

      <div class="badge badge-adaptive">Adaptive ✓</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column modern">
      <div class="col-header">Modern World</div>

      <div class="node">
        <div class="node-icon">🍔 🥤</div>
        <div class="node-text">Constant Surplus</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow">↓</div>

      <div class="node shared-drive">
        <div class="node-icon">🧠 ⚡</div>
        <div class="node-text">Same Evolved Drive</div>
      </div>

      <div class="arrow">↓</div>

      <div class="node">
        <div class="node-icon">⚠️ 🩺</div>
        <div class="node-text">Metabolic Disease</div>
      </div>

      <div class="badge badge-mismatch">Mismatch ✗</div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Contemporary Psychological Perspectives: Biological and Evolutionary

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #0f172a;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
      user-select: none;
      max-width: 680px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    /* Top Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .btn-trigger {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 14px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background-color 0.2s, opacity 0.2s;
    }
    .btn-trigger:hover { background: #1d4ed8; }
    .btn-trigger:active { opacity: 0.85; }
    .status-text {
      font-size: 12.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 6px 10px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      flex: 1;
      min-width: 180px;
      text-align: right;
    }

    /* Pathways SVG Container */
    .neural-container {
      width: 100%;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 10px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 4px;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    /* Matrix Section */
    .matrix-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 800;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      color: #334155;
      text-align: center;
      margin-top: 2px;
    }
    .matrix-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .matrix-card {
      padding: 8px 10px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 3px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .card-false {
      background: #fefce8;
      border-color: #fde047;
    }
    .card-miss {
      background: #fef2f2;
      border-color: #fca5a5;
    }
    .matrix-head {
      font-size: 12.5px;
      font-weight: 800;
    }
    .matrix-head.warn { color: #78350f; }
    .matrix-head.danger { color: #7f1d1d; }
    .matrix-cost {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 800;
    }
    .cost-low { color: #15803d; }
    .cost-lethal { color: #b91c1c; }
    .matrix-sub {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
    }

    /* Node & SVG styling */
    .node-box {
      fill: #ffffff;
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      rx: 7;
      transition: stroke 0.2s, fill 0.2s;
    }
    .node-box.active {
      stroke: #2563eb;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      fill: #eff6ff;
    }
    .node-text {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 800;
      fill: #0f172a;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
    }
    .node-sub {
      font-size: 10.5px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #334155;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
    }
    .path-bg {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #e2e8f0;
      stroke-width: 4;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .path-fast {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #ea580c;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      stroke-dasharray: 5 4;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      opacity: 0.85;
    }
    .path-slow {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      stroke-dasharray: 5 4;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      opacity: 0.85;
    }
    .pulse-dot {
      r: 5.5;
      opacity: 0;
    }
    .pulse-fast { fill: #ea580c; }
    .pulse-slow { fill: #0284c7; }
    .path-tag {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 800;
      letter-spacing: 0.2px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn-trigger" id="triggerBtn">⚡ Test Threat Stimulus</button>
    <div class="status-text" id="timingStatus">Tap to trigger threat response</div>
  </div>

  <div class="neural-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 470 205" role="img" aria-label="Dual-pathway threat response diagram">
      <defs>
        <marker id="arrow-fast" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="7" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#ea580c" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arrow-slow" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="7" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#0284c7" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <text x="235" y="14" text-anchor="middle" fill="#0369a1" class="path-tag">High Road (Slow • ~35ms)</text>

      
      <path d="M 68 106 L 104 106" class="path-bg" />
      <path id="pathStim" d="M 68 106 L 104 106" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <path d="M 142 80 Q 142 48 190 48" class="path-bg" />
      <path d="M 280 48 Q 328 48 328 80" class="path-bg" />
      <path id="pathHigh1" d="M 142 80 Q 142 48 190 48" class="path-slow" />
      <path id="pathHigh2" d="M 280 48 Q 328 48 328 80" class="path-slow" marker-end="url(#arrow-slow)" />

      
      <path d="M 142 132 Q 235 178 328 132" class="path-bg" />
      <path id="pathLow" d="M 142 132 Q 235 178 328 132" class="path-fast" marker-end="url(#arrow-fast)" />

      
      <path d="M 366 106 L 398 106" class="path-bg" />
      <path id="pathResp" d="M 366 106 L 398 106" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" />

      
      <text x="235" y="194" text-anchor="middle" fill="#c2410c" class="path-tag">⚡ Low Road (Fast • ~12ms)</text>

      
      <circle id="pulseFast" class="pulse-dot pulse-fast" />
      <circle id="pulseSlow" class="pulse-dot pulse-slow" />

      
      <g id="nodeStim">
        <rect x="6" y="80" width="62" height="52" class="node-box" />
        <text x="37" y="97" class="node-text">👀 🐍</text>
        <text x="37" y="117" class="node-sub">Stimulus</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="nodeThal">
        <rect x="104" y="80" width="76" height="52" class="node-box" />
        <text x="142" y="97" class="node-text">Thalamus</text>
        <text x="142" y="117" class="node-sub">Sensory Relay</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="nodeCtx">
        <rect x="190" y="24" width="90" height="48" class="node-box" />
        <text x="235" y="40" class="node-text">Visual Cortex</text>
        <text x="235" y="57" class="node-sub">Detailed Analysis</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="nodeAmyg">
        <rect x="290" y="80" width="76" height="52" class="node-box" />
        <text x="328" y="97" class="node-text">Amygdala</text>
        <text x="328" y="117" class="node-sub">Fear Center</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="nodeHpa">
        <rect x="398" y="80" width="66" height="52" class="node-box" />
        <text x="431" y="97" class="node-text">⚡ HPA</text>
        <text x="431" y="117" class="node-sub">Hormones</text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="matrix-title">Smoke Detector Principle (Error Asymmetry)</div>

  <div class="matrix-grid">
    <div class="matrix-card card-false">
      <div class="matrix-head warn">False Alarm</div>
      <div class="matrix-sub">Stick 🌿 treated as Snake 🐍</div>
      <div class="matrix-cost cost-low">Low Cost (Safe)</div>
    </div>
    <div class="matrix-card card-miss">
      <div class="matrix-head danger">Missed Threat</div>
      <div class="matrix-sub">Snake 🐍 treated as Stick 🌿</div>
      <div class="matrix-cost cost-lethal">Lethal Cost (Fatal)</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const btn = document.getElementById('triggerBtn');
    const status = document.getElementById('timingStatus');
    const pulseFast = document.getElementById('pulseFast');
    const pulseSlow = document.getElementById('pulseSlow');

    const pathStim = document.getElementById('pathStim');
    const pathLow = document.getElementById('pathLow');
    const pathHigh1 = document.getElementById('pathHigh1');
    const pathHigh2 = document.getElementById('pathHigh2');
    const pathResp = document.getElementById('pathResp');

    const nodeStim = document.querySelector('#nodeStim .node-box');
    const nodeThal = document.querySelector('#nodeThal .node-box');
    const nodeCtx = document.querySelector('#nodeCtx .node-box');
    const nodeAmyg = document.querySelector('#nodeAmyg .node-box');
    const nodeHpa = document.querySelector('#nodeHpa .node-box');

    let isRunning = false;

    function animateAlong(element, path, duration, delay = 0) {
      return new Promise(resolve => {
        setTimeout(() => {
          const length = path.getTotalLength();
          element.style.opacity = '1';
          const startTime = performance.now();

          function step(time) {
            const elapsed = time - startTime;
            const progress = Math.min(elapsed / duration, 1);
            const pt = path.getPointAtLength(progress * length);
            element.setAttribute('cx', pt.x);
            element.setAttribute('cy', pt.y);

            if (progress < 1) {
              requestAnimationFrame(step);
            } else {
              element.style.opacity = '0';
              resolve();
            }
          }
          requestAnimationFrame(step);
        }, delay);
      });
    }

    async function runSimulation() {
      if (isRunning) return;
      isRunning = true;
      btn.disabled = true;
      btn.style.opacity = '0.6';

      // Reset active states
      [nodeStim, nodeThal, nodeCtx, nodeAmyg, nodeHpa].forEach(n => n.classList.remove('active'));
      
      // Step 1: Stimulus -> Thalamus
      status.textContent = '0ms: Stimulus reaches Thalamus';
      nodeStim.classList.add('active');
      nodeThal.classList.add('active');
      await animateAlong(pulseFast, pathStim, 240);

      // Step 2: Split Pathways
      status.textContent = '12ms: Fast Low Road reaches Amygdala!';
      
      // Low Road triggers Amygdala rapidly
      const fastPromise = animateAlong(pulseFast, pathLow, 380).then(() => {
        nodeAmyg.classList.add('active');
        // Trigger HPA response cascade
        return animateAlong(pulseFast, pathResp, 220).then(() => {
          nodeHpa.classList.add('active');
          status.textContent = '15ms: Fight-or-flight cascade active!';
        });
      });

      // High Road travels through Visual Cortex
      const slowPromise = (async () => {
        await animateAlong(pulseSlow, pathHigh1, 500);
        nodeCtx.classList.add('active');
        status.textContent = '35ms: High Road confirms detailed threat analysis';
        await animateAlong(pulseSlow, pathHigh2, 500);
      })();

      await Promise.all([fastPromise, slowPromise]);
      status.textContent = 'Threat evaluated & response sustained';

      setTimeout(() => {
        btn.disabled = false;
        btn.style.opacity = '1';
        isRunning = false;
      }, 800);
    }

    btn.addEventListener('click', runSimulation);

    // Initial trigger on load
    setTimeout(runSimulation, 500);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; }
    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      user-select: none;
      padding: 10px;
      gap: 8px;
      max-width: 680px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .toolbar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      padding: 6px 14px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border-radius: 20px;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: transparent;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
    }
    .tab-btn[data-mode="threat"].active { background: #d63031; }
    .tab-btn[data-mode="control"].active { background: #0284c7; }
    .tab-btn[data-mode="memory"].active { background: #059669; }

    .info-banner {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      line-height: 1.4;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      color: #1e293b;
      text-align: center;
      min-height: 34px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .view-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .view-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 8px;
      }
    }

    .panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      position: relative;
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
    }

    .panel-title {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      letter-spacing: 0.6px;
      color: #1e293b;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      padding: 8px 10px 4px 10px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .panel-title .badge {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #475569;
      text-transform: none;
      letter-spacing: normal;
    }

    .svg-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      height: 200px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .svg-wrap {
        height: 180px;
      }
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }

    .region-node {
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, filter 0.3s ease;
    }
    .region-node:hover circle:last-of-type {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 4px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.8));
    }

    .pulse-ring {
      transform-origin: center;
      animation: ripple 2.5s infinite ease-out;
    }

    @keyframes ripple {
      0% { r: 8; opacity: 0.8; }
      100% { r: 22; opacity: 0; }
    }

    .signal-beam {
      stroke-dasharray: 6 5;
      animation: dash 2.5s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes dash {
      to { stroke-dashoffset: -22; }
    }

    .mol {
      transition: fill 0.4s ease, cy 0.5s ease;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toolbar">
    <button class="tab-btn active" data-mode="threat">
      <span style="display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:#d63031;"></span>
      Threat / Fear
    </button>
    <button class="tab-btn" data-mode="memory">
      <span style="display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:#059669;"></span>
      Memory Context
    </button>
    <button class="tab-btn" data-mode="control">
      <span style="display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;background:#0284c7;"></span>
      Executive Control
    </button>
  </div>

  <div id="infoBanner" class="info-banner">
    <strong>Amygdala Activation:</strong> Rapid norepinephrine &amp; adrenaline signal transmission driving the emotional alarm response.
  </div>

  <div class="view-grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-title">
        <span>Micro: Synapse</span>
        <span class="badge" id="neuroName">Norepinephrine / Alarm</span>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-wrap">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 300 200" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet">
          <defs>
            <linearGradient id="axonGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f1f5f9"/>
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#cbd5e1"/>
            </linearGradient>
            <linearGradient id="dendGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
              <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#cbd5e1"/>
              <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#f1f5f9"/>
            </linearGradient>
          </defs>

          
          <path d="M 50 0 L 50 25 C 50 85, 250 85, 250 25 L 250 0 Z" fill="url(#axonGrad)" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.8"/>

          
          <path d="M 30 150 C 100 120, 200 120, 270 150 L 270 200 L 30 200 Z" fill="url(#dendGrad)" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.8"/>

          
          <g id="receptors">
            <path d="M 85 130 v 9 h 12 v -9" fill="none" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
            <path d="M 144 123 v 9 h 12 v -9" fill="none" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
            <path d="M 203 130 v 9 h 12 v -9" fill="none" stroke="#334155" stroke-width="3" stroke-linecap="round"/>
          </g>

          
          <g id="vesicles">
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Types and Explanations of Conformity

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment and Social Roles

Asch's Line Judgement Studies on Conformity

Milgram's Baseline Obedience Experiment

Situational Variables Affecting Obedience: Proximity, Location, and Uniform

Agentic State and Legitimacy of Authority

The Authoritarian Personality and Dispositional Explanations

Resistance to Social Influence: Social Support and Locus of Control

Minority Influence: Consistency, Commitment, and Flexibility

Social Change and the Role of Social Influence Processes

science

Social Influence and Social Processes

Cognitive Models of Memory and Information Processing

Social-Cognitive Theories and Cultural Transmission

Developmental Trajectories: Lifespan Psychosocial and Cognitive Stages

Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive Development in Childhood

Psychological Constructs of Race and Ethnic Identity Development

Cognitive and Neurodiversity: Autism, ADHD, and Learning Differences

Artificial Intelligence and Human Cognitive Modeling

Integrating Biopsychosocial Frameworks in Behavioral Analysis

Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology and Human Behavior

The Multi-Store Model of Memory: Atkinson and Shiffrin

Types of Long-Term Memory: Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural

Case Studies in Brain Research: Learning From Individual Patients

The Working Memory Model: Baddeley and Hitch

Explanations for Forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference

Retrieval Failure Due to Context and State-Dependent Cues

Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information

Factors Affecting Eyewitness Testimony: Anxiety and the Weapon Focus Effect

Improving Eyewitness Recall: The Cognitive Interview Technique

Cognitive Psychology and Memory Structures

Caregiver-Infant Interactions: Reciprocity and Interactional Synchrony

Schaffer and Emerson's Stages of Attachment

Animal Studies of Attachment: Lorenz and Harlow

Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory Versus Bowlby's Monotropic Theory

Ainsworth's Strange Situation and Types of Attachment

Cultural Variations in Attachment: Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation and the 44 Juvenile Thieves Study

Effects of Institutionalisation: Romanian Orphan Studies

The Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood and Adult Relationships

Developmental Psychology and Attachment

Divisions of the Nervous System: CNS, PNS, and Autonomic Branches

The Endocrine System: Glands, Hormones, and the Fight-or-Flight Response

Neuron Structure, Action Potentials, and Synaptic Transmission

Localisation of Function in the Brain and Hemispheric Lateralisation

Split-Brain Research: Sperry's Investigations

Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma

Comparing Brain Research Methods: Strengths and Limits

Biological Rhythms: Circadian, Infradian, and Ultradian Cycles

Adoption Studies: Separating Nature From Nurture

Ethical Issues in Genetic Research on Behavior

Biological Psychology and Neurobiology

Definitions of Abnormality: Statistical Infrequency and Deviation From Social Norms

Definitions of Abnormality: Failure to Function Adequately and Ideal Mental Health

Behavioural, Emotional, and Cognitive Characteristics of Phobias, Depression, and OCD

The Behavioural Approach to Explaining Phobias: The Two-Process Model

The Behavioural Approach to Treating Phobias: Systematic Desensitisation and Flooding

The Cognitive Approach to Explaining Depression: Beck and Ellis

The Cognitive Approach to Treating Depression: CBT and REBT

The Biological Approach to Explaining OCD: Genetic and Neural Factors

The Biological Approach to Treating OCD: Drug Therapy and SSRIs

Psychopathology and Individual Differences

The Behaviourist Approach: Classical and Operant Conditioning

Social Learning Theory: Vicarious Reinforcement and Mediational Processes

The Cognitive Approach: Schemas, Theoretical Models, and Cognitive Neuroscience

The Biological Approach: Genetics, Neurochemistry, and Evolutionary Psychology

The Psychodynamic Approach: The Unconscious, Tripartite Personality, and Defence Mechanisms

Humanistic Psychology: Free Will, Maslow's Hierarchy, and Rogers' Person-Centred Theory

Comparative Evaluation of Psychological Approaches

Theoretical Approaches in Psychology

Aims, Directional, and Non-Directional Hypotheses

Independent, Dependent, Extraneous, and Confounding Variables

Experimental Designs: Independent Groups, Repeated Measures, and Matched Pairs

Laboratory, Field, Natural, and Quasi-Experiments

Sampling Techniques and Generalisation Bias

Pilot Studies and Control Techniques: Single and Double-Blind Procedures

Ethical Issues and BPS Code of Human Research Ethics

The Scientific Process: Peer Review and the Economy

Psychological Research: Experimental Design

Observational Techniques: Naturalistic, Controlled, Covert, and Overt

Observational Design: Behavioural Categories and Sampling Methods

Self-Report Techniques: Questionnaire Design and Item Construction

Interview Techniques: Structured, Unstructured, and Semi-Structured

Correlational Analysis: Scattergrams and Correlation Coefficients

Case Studies and Longitudinal Methodologies

Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Data

Reliability and Validity in Psychological Research

Psychological Research: Non-Experimental and Qualitative Methods

Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Data

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode

Measures of Dispersion: Range and Standard Deviation

Graphical Presentations: Bar Charts, Histograms, and Distributions

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in Psychology

The Sign Test: Calculation and Interpretation of Significance

Selecting Inferential Statistical Tests

Interpreting Critical Values, Type I, and Type II Errors

Drawing Evidence-Based Conclusions from Data

Psychological Statistics: Descriptive and Inferential Analysis

Gender Bias in Psychological Theory and Research

Cultural Bias and Diversity in Psychology

Free Will Versus Determinism: Hard, Soft, Biological, and Environmental

Applying Nature-Nurture Concepts to Real-Life Scenarios

Holism Versus Reductionism in Psychological Explanation

Idiographic Versus Nomothetic Approaches to Psychological Investigation

Ethical Implications of Research Studies and Social Sensitivity

Issues, Debates, and Diversity in Psychology

Applications of Psychology to Criminal Justice and Forensics

Applications of Psychology to Workplace Stress and Health

Applications of Psychology to Educational Environments and Learning

Integrating Psychological Perspectives to Address Mental Health Crises

Designing Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions for Social Problems

Applied Psychology and Contemporary Issues

Anatomía y fisiología del sistema reproductor masculino

Anatomía y fisiología del sistema reproductor femenino

Gametogénesis: espermatogénesis y ovogénesis comparadas

Regulación hormonal del ciclo menstrual y ovulatorio

Fecundación, implantación y desarrollo embrionario temprano

Gestación, placenta y etapas del parto

Factores biológicos, psicológicos y culturales de la sexualidad

Biología de la reproducción humana

Diversidad sexual, identidad de género y derechos reproductivos

Tecnologías de reproducción asistida: inseminación artificial y FIV

Diagnóstico genético preimplantacional y cribado prenatal

Criopreservación de gametos y bancos de embriones

Edición genética CRISPR-Cas9 en reproducción humana y bioética

Gestación subrogada: aspectos tecnológicos, éticos y legales

Impacto de la tecnología digital y redes sociales en las relaciones afectivas

Biotecnología reproductiva, bioética y sociedad

Clasificación de métodos anticonceptivos y mecanismos de acción

Índice de Pearl y eficacia anticonceptiva: teórica versus real

Métodos de barrera: preservativo masculino, femenino y doble protección

Anticonceptivos hormonales: orales, inyectables y parches

Implantes subdérmicos y dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU: cobre y levonorgestrel)

Anticoncepción de emergencia: mecanismo, indicaciones y mitos

Métodos quirúrgicos definitivos: vasectomía y ligadura de trompas

Métodos anticonceptivos y planificación familiar

Infecciones de transmisión sexual bacterianas: sífilis, gonorrea y clamidia

Virus del papiloma humano (VPH): oncogénesis y vacunación

VIH-SIDA: inmunopatogenia, transmisión y diagnóstico

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