<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Reaction Energy Diagram</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .diagram-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .axis-line {
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 2;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .grid-line {
      stroke: #f1f5f9;
      stroke-width: 1;
      stroke-dasharray: 4,4;
    }
    .ref-line {
      stroke: #cbd5e1;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      stroke-dasharray: 3,3;
    }
    .curve-bg {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #e2e8f0;
      stroke-width: 6;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .curve-main {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #2563eb;
      stroke-width: 3.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .energy-fill {
      fill: url(#energyGradient);
      opacity: 0.12;
    }
    .measure-ea {
      stroke: #d97706;
      stroke-width: 2;
    }
    .measure-dh {
      stroke: #059669;
      stroke-width: 2;
    }
    .axis-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #64748b;
    }
    .tick-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      fill: #94a3b8;
    }
    .mol-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
    }
    .energy-val {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      fill: #64748b;
    }
    .badge-ea {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #b45309;
    }
    .badge-dh {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #047857;
    }
    .ts-label {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #4338ca;
    }
    .progress-point {
      fill: #2563eb;
      stroke: #ffffff;
      stroke-width: 3;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2));
      transition: transform 0.05s linear;
    }
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 12px;
      margin-top: 8px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    .slider-track {
      flex: 1;
      max-width: 320px;
      accent-color: #2563eb;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .btn-play {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .btn-play:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-wrap">
    <svg id="svgChart" viewBox="0 0 540 360">
      <defs>
        
        <marker id="arr-ea-start" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 1 9 L 5 1 L 9 9 z" fill="#d97706" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arr-ea-end" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 1 1 L 5 9 L 9 1 z" fill="#d97706" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arr-dh-start" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 1 9 L 5 1 L 9 9 z" fill="#059669" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="arr-dh-end" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 1 1 L 5 9 L 9 1 z" fill="#059669" />
        </marker>
        <marker id="axis-arrow" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="5" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto">
          <path d="M 1 2 L 8 5 L 1 8 z" fill="#94a3b8" />
        </marker>

        
        <linearGradient id="energyGradient" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#2563eb" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#ffffff" />
        </linearGradient>
      </defs>

      
      
      <line x1="60" y1="310" x2="60" y2="30" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#axis-arrow)" />
      
      <line x1="60" y1="310" x2="510" y2="310" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#axis-arrow)" />

      
      <text x="25" y="24" class="axis-label">Energy (kJ/mol)</text>
      <text x="390" y="338" class="axis-label">Reaction Progress →</text>

      
      
      
      
      <text x="50" y="83" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label">210</text>
      <line x1="56" y1="79" x2="60" y2="79" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />

      <text x="50" y="204" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label">100</text>
      <line x1="56" y1="200" x2="60" y2="200" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />

      <text x="50" y="270" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label">40</text>
      <line x1="56" y1="266" x2="60" y2="266" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />

      <text x="50" y="314" text-anchor="end" class="tick-label">0</text>

      
      
      <line x1="60" y1="79" x2="250" y2="79" class="ref-line" />
      
      <line x1="60" y1="200" x2="480" y2="200" class="ref-line" />
      
      <line x1="60" y1="266" x2="480" y2="266" class="ref-line" />

      
      <path id="curveFill" class="energy-fill" d="" />
      <path id="curveTrack" class="curve-main" d="" />

      
      <line x1="200" y1="84" x2="200" y2="195" class="measure-ea" marker-start="url(#arr-ea-start)" marker-end="url(#arr-ea-end)" />
      <rect x="110" y="130" width="85" height="22" rx="4" fill="#fffbeb" stroke="#fde68a" />
      <text x="152" y="145" text-anchor="middle" class="badge-ea">Ea = 110 kJ</text>

      
      <line x1="450" y1="205" x2="450" y2="261" class="measure-dh" marker-start="url(#arr-dh-start)" marker-end="url(#arr-dh-end)" />
      <rect x="375" y="222" width="70" height="22" rx="4" fill="#ecfdf5" stroke="#a7f3d0" />
      <text x="410" y="237" text-anchor="middle" class="badge-dh">ΔH = -60 kJ</text>

      
      
      <g transform="translate(105, 175)">
        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="mol-label">NO + O₃</text>
        <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="energy-val">Reactants</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(250, 48)">
        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="ts-label">[O-N···O-O-O]‡</text>
        <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="energy-val">Transition State</text>
      </g>

      
      <g transform="translate(390, 246)">
        <text x="0" y="0" text-anchor="middle" class="mol-label">NO₂ + O₂</text>
        <text x="0" y="14" text-anchor="middle" class="energy-val">Products</text>
      </g>

      
      <circle id="progressDot" cx="105" cy="200" r="7" class="progress-point" />
    </svg>

    <div class="controls">
      <button id="btnPlay" class="btn-play">▶ Play</button>
      <input type="range" id="progressSlider" class="slider-track" min="0" max="100" value="0">
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    // Exact mathematical curve calculation for the reaction coordinate
    // Reactants plateau (x: 70..130, y: 200)
    // Transition barrier peak (x: 250, y: 79)
    // Products plateau (x: 370..480, y: 266)
    
    function getEnergyY(x) {
      if (x <= 110) {
        return 200; // 100 kJ
      } else if (x <= 250) {
        // Smooth sine-based rise to barrier peak
        const t = (x - 110) / (250 - 110);
        // t from 0 to 1, maps 0 to pi/2
        const s = Math.sin(t * Math.PI / 2);
        return 200 - s * (200 - 79);
      } else if (x <= 380) {
        // Smooth cosine-based descent from peak to products
        const t = (x - 250) / (380 - 250);
        // t from 0 to 1, maps 0 to pi
        const s = (1 - Math.cos(t * Math.PI)) / 2;
        return 79 + s * (266 - 79);
      } else {
        return 266; // 40 kJ
      }
    }

    // Build SVG Path points
    const startX = 75;
    const endX = 475;
    const step = 2;
    let d = `M ${startX} ${getEnergyY(startX)}`;
    const points = [];

    for (let x = startX; x <= endX; x += step) {
      const y = getEnergyY(x);
      d += ` L ${x.toFixed(1)} ${y.toFixed(1)}`;
      points.push({ x, y });
    }

    document.getElementById('curveTrack').setAttribute('d', d);

    // Fill area under curve
    const fillPath = `${d} L ${endX} 310 L ${startX} 310 Z`;
    document.getElementById('curveFill').setAttribute('d', fillPath);

    // Interactive slider & animation
    const slider = document.getElementById('progressSlider');
    const dot = document.getElementById('progressDot');
    const playBtn = document.getElementById('btnPlay');
    let isPlaying = false;
    let animTimer = null;

    function updatePosition(percent) {
      const targetX = startX + (percent / 100) * (endX - startX);
      const targetY = getEnergyY(targetX);
      dot.setAttribute('cx', targetX);
      dot.setAttribute('cy', targetY);
    }

    slider.addEventListener('input', (e) => {
      if (isPlaying) stopAnimation();
      updatePosition(parseFloat(e.target.value));
    });

    function startAnimation() {
      isPlaying = true;
      playBtn.textContent = '⏸ Pause';
      if (parseFloat(slider.value) >= 100) {
        slider.value = 0;
      }
      animTimer = setInterval(() => {
        let val = parseFloat(slider.value) + 0.8;
        if (val >= 100) {
          val = 100;
          slider.value = val;
          updatePosition(val);
          stopAnimation();
        } else {
          slider.value = val;
          updatePosition(val);
        }
      }, 25);
    }

    function stopAnimation() {
      isPlaying = false;
      playBtn.textContent = '▶ Play';
      if (animTimer) clearInterval(animTimer);
    }

    playBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
      if (isPlaying) {
        stopAnimation();
      } else {
        startAnimation();
      }
    });

    // Initial position
    updatePosition(0);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Collision Theory and Activation Energy Fundamentals

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #0f172a;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-start;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }
    .wrapper {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }
    .btn-toggle {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      transition: background-color 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease, color 0.15s ease;
    }
    .btn-toggle:hover {
      border-color: #94a3b8;
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
    .btn-toggle.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }
    .graph-container {
      width: 100%;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .axis-line { stroke: #475569; stroke-width: 2; stroke-linecap: round; }
    .axis-label { font-size: 14px; fill: #334155; font-weight: 700; }
    .curve-t1 { stroke: #2563eb; stroke-width: 3; fill: none; }
    .curve-t2 { stroke: #dc2626; stroke-width: 3; fill: none; }
    .shade-t1 { fill: #2563eb; fill-opacity: 0.4; }
    .shade-t2 { fill: #dc2626; fill-opacity: 0.25; }
    .ea-line { stroke: #0f172a; stroke-width: 2; stroke-dasharray: 5 4; }
    .ea-handle { cursor: ew-resize; }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .btn-toggle {
        font-size: 12px;
        padding: 5px 8px;
      }
      .axis-label {
        font-size: 15px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="btn-toggle active" id="btnBoth" onclick="setView('both')">Compare T₁ &amp; T₂</button>
      <button class="btn-toggle" id="btnT1" onclick="setView('t1')">T₁ (300 K)</button>
      <button class="btn-toggle" id="btnT2" onclick="setView('t2')">T₂ (350 K)</button>
    </div>

    <div class="graph-container">
      <svg id="chart" viewBox="0 0 540 295">
        <defs>
          <marker id="arrow" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
            <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#475569" />
          </marker>
        </defs>

        
        <line x1="58" y1="240" x2="520" y2="240" class="axis-line" />
        <line x1="58" y1="240" x2="58" y2="20" class="axis-line" />
        
        
        <polygon points="520,236 528,240 520,244" fill="#475569" />
        <polygon points="54,20 58,12 62,20" fill="#475569" />

        
        <path id="shadeT2" class="shade-t2" />
        <path id="shadeT1" class="shade-t1" />

        
        <path id="curveT2" class="curve-t2" />
        <path id="curveT1" class="curve-t1" />

        
        <line id="eaLine" y1="22" y2="240" class="ea-line" />
        <rect id="eaHitbox" y="15" height="230" width="36" fill="transparent" class="ea-handle" />

        
        <text x="-130" y="20" transform="rotate(-90)" class="axis-label" text-anchor="middle">Fraction of Molecules</text>
        <text x="290" y="282" class="axis-label" text-anchor="middle">Kinetic Energy (E) →</text>

        
        <g id="tagT1" transform="translate(130, 52)">
          <rect x="-4" y="-16" width="84" height="22" rx="4" fill="#dbeafe" stroke="#93c5fd" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <text x="38" y="-1" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#1d4ed8" text-anchor="middle">T₁ (300 K)</text>
        </g>

        <g id="tagT2" transform="translate(205, 118)">
          <rect x="-4" y="-16" width="84" height="22" rx="4" fill="#fee2e2" stroke="#fca5a5" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <text x="38" y="-1" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#b91c1c" text-anchor="middle">T₂ (350 K)</text>
        </g>

        
        <g id="tagEa">
          
          <rect x="-24" y="6" width="48" height="20" rx="4" fill="#0f172a" />
          <text x="0" y="20" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#ffffff" text-anchor="middle">Eₐ ↔</text>
          
          
          <line x1="0" y1="240" x2="0" y2="246" stroke="#0f172a" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="0" y="259" font-size="13" font-weight="800" fill="#0f172a" text-anchor="middle">Eₐ</text>
        </g>

        
        <g id="tagArea" transform="translate(435, 195)">
          <rect x="-32" y="-14" width="64" height="20" rx="4" fill="#ffffff" fill-opacity="0.9" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1" />
          <text x="0" y="0" font-size="12" font-weight="700" fill="#334155" text-anchor="middle">E ≥ Eₐ</text>
          <path d="M-18,6 L-34,22" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#arrow)" fill="none" />
        </g>
      </svg>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let eaVal = 62; // 0 to 100 scale
    let currentView = 'both';

    const originX = 58, originY = 240;
    const plotW = 452, plotH = 215;

    // Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: f(E) = (2 / sqrt(pi)) * (E^0.5 / T^1.5) * exp(-E / T)
    function mb(E, T) {
      if (E <= 0) return 0;
      const norm = 2 / Math.sqrt(Math.PI);
      return norm * (Math.sqrt(E) / Math.pow(T, 1.5)) * Math.exp(-E / T);
    }

    function getPoints(T) {
      const pts = [];
      const maxF = 0.038; // Normalization scale for Y axis
      for (let E = 0; E <= 100; E += 0.5) {
        const f = mb(E, T);
        const px = originX + (E / 100) * plotW;
        const py = originY - (f / maxF) * plotH;
        pts.push({ x: px, y: py, E: E });
      }
      return pts;
    }

    const t1Pts = getPoints(13.5);
    const t2Pts = getPoints(22.5);

    function buildPathD(pts) {
      return pts.reduce((acc, p, i) => acc + (i === 0 ? 'M' : 'L') + `${p.x.toFixed(1)},${p.y.toFixed(1)} `, '');
    }

    function buildShadeD(pts, threshold) {
      const filtered = pts.filter(p => p.E >= threshold);
      if (filtered.length === 0) return '';
      const startX = filtered[0].x;
      let d = `M${startX.toFixed(1)},${originY} `;
      filtered.forEach(p => {
        d += `L${p.x.toFixed(1)},${p.y.toFixed(1)} `;
      });
      d += `L${filtered[filtered.length - 1].x.toFixed(1)},${originY} Z`;
      return d;
    }

    function update() {
      const eaX = originX + (eaVal / 100) * plotW;
      
      // Update Ea line & tag
      document.getElementById('eaLine').setAttribute('x1', eaX);
      document.getElementById('eaLine').setAttribute('x2', eaX);
      document.getElementById('eaHitbox').setAttribute('x', eaX - 18);
      document.getElementById('tagEa').setAttribute('transform', `translate(${eaX}, 0)`);

      // Update Curves
      document.getElementById('curveT1').setAttribute('d', buildPathD(t1Pts));
      document.getElementById('curveT2').setAttribute('d', buildPathD(t2Pts));

      // Update Shading
      document.getElementById('shadeT1').setAttribute('d', buildShadeD(t1Pts, eaVal));
      document.getElementById('shadeT2').setAttribute('d', buildShadeD(t2Pts, eaVal));

      // Visibility based on mode
      const showT1 = currentView === 'both' || currentView === 't1';
      const showT2 = currentView === 'both' || currentView === 't2';

      document.getElementById('curveT1').style.display = showT1 ? 'block' : 'none';
      document.getElementById('shadeT1').style.display = showT1 ? 'block' : 'none';
      document.getElementById('tagT1').style.display = showT1 ? 'block' : 'none';

      document.getElementById('curveT2').style.display = showT2 ? 'block' : 'none';
      document.getElementById('shadeT2').style.display = showT2 ? 'block' : 'none';
      document.getElementById('tagT2').style.display = showT2 ? 'block' : 'none';
    }

    function setView(mode) {
      currentView = mode;
      document.getElementById('btnBoth').classList.toggle('active', mode === 'both');
      document.getElementById('btnT1').classList.toggle('active', mode === 't1');
      document.getElementById('btnT2').classList.toggle('active', mode === 't2');
      update();
    }

    // Drag interaction for Ea line
    let dragging = false;
    const svg = document.getElementById('chart');

    function setEaFromEvent(e) {
      const rect = svg.getBoundingClientRect();
      const clientX = e.touches ? e.touches[0].clientX : e.clientX;
      const svgX = ((clientX - rect.left) / rect.width) * 540;
      let val = ((svgX - originX) / plotW) * 100;
      eaVal = Math.max(35, Math.min(88, val));
      update();
    }

    svg.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => { dragging = true; setEaFromEvent(e); });
    window.addEventListener('mousemove', (e) => { if (dragging) setEaFromEvent(e); });
    window.addEventListener('mouseup', () => { dragging = false; });

    svg.addEventListener('touchstart', (e) => { dragging = true; setEaFromEvent(e); }, { passive: false });
    window.addEventListener('touchmove', (e) => { if (dragging) { e.preventDefault(); setEaFromEvent(e); } }, { passive: false });
    window.addEventListener('touchend', () => { dragging = false; });

    update();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    html, body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: transparent;
      color: #0f172a;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      user-select: none;
      box-sizing: border-box;
      justify-content: flex-start;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .hud-bar {
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .hud-stats {
      display: flex;
      gap: 12px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e293b;
    }

    .stat-item {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .stat-val {
      color: #1d4ed8;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .btn-group {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .mode-btn {
      padding: 6px 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
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</head>
<body>

  <div class="hud-bar">
    <div class="hud-stats">
      <div class="stat-item">Collision Rate: <span class="stat-val">10⁹ /s</span></div>
      <div class="stat-item">Success Rate: <span class="stat-val" id="successRate">&lt; 0.001%</span></div>
    </div>
    <div class="btn-group">
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      <button class="mode-btn" id="btnEffective">Effective Collisions</button>
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  <div class="legend-bar" id="legendBar">
    <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#2563eb;"></span>NO</div>
    <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#dc2626;"></span>O₃</div>
    <span class="arrow">→</span>
    <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#16a34a;"></span>NO₂</div>
    <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#ea580c;"></span>O₂</div>
  </div>

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    const btnIneffective = document.getElementById('btnIneffective');
    const btnEffective = document.getElementById('btnEffective');
    const successRateEl = document.getElementById('successRate');
    const legendBar = document.getElementById('legendBar');

    let mode = 'ineffective'; // 'ineffective' | 'effective'
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    let flashes = [];

    function resize() {
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      canvas.height = Math.floor(height * dpr);
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      constructor(x, y, vx, vy, type, state = 'reactant') {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
        this.vx = vx;
        this.vy = vy;
        this.type = type; // 'gray', 'NO', 'O3', 'NO2', 'O2'
        this.state = state;
        this.r = type === 'O3' || type === 'NO2' ? 11 : 9;
        this.mass = this.r;
        this.reacted = false;
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      update() {
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        this.y += this.vy;

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          this.vx = -Math.abs(this.vx);
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        if (this.y - this.r < 0) {
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          this.vy = Math.abs(this.vy);
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      draw() {
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        ctx.translate(this.x, this.y);

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        let color2 = '#94a3b8';

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          color2 = '#60a5fa';
        } else if (this.type === 'O3') {
          color1 = '#dc2626'; // Red
          color2 = '#f87171';
        } else if (this.type === 'NO2') {
          color1 = '#16a34a'; // Green
          color2 = '#4ade80';
        } else if (this.type === 'O2') {
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          ctx.fillStyle = color2;
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        spawnEffectivePair(width * 0.8, height * 0.7, width * 0.2, height * 0.7);
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      const dy = y2 - y1;
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      const speed = 2.4;
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      const vy1 = (dy / dist) * speed;

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      particles.push(new Particle(x2, y2, -vx1, -vy1, 'O3'));
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          const p2 = particles[j];
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          const dy = p2.y - p1.y;
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                p2.type = 'O2';
                p1.reacted = true;
                p2.reacted = true;

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            // Normal elastic bounce impulse
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            const ny = dy / (dist || 1);
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            const ky = p1.vy - p2.vy;
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            p1.vy -= p * p2.mass * ny;
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            p2.vy += p * p1.mass * ny;

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          setTimeout(() => {
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              initParticles();
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      }

      particles.forEach(p => p.update());
      resolveCollisions();
      particles.forEach(p => p.draw());

      for (let i = flashes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
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          <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#64748b;"></span>Gray: Unreactive Collisions</div>
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          <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#2563eb;"></span>NO</div>
          <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#dc2626;"></span>O₃</div>
          <span class="arrow">→</span>
          <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#16a34a;"></span>NO₂</div>
          <div class="legend-item"><span class="swatch" style="background:#ea580c;"></span>O₂</div>
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    }

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      setMode('ineffective');
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    requestAnimationFrame(animate);
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</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
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    <button class="step-btn active" data-step="0">1. E<sub>a</sub></button>
    <button class="step-btn" data-step="1">2. RT</button>
    <button class="step-btn" data-step="2">3. f (Energy)</button>
    <button class="step-btn" data-step="3">4. Fraction</button>
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      <div class="tag">Unit Conversion</div>
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      <div class="badge-result">E<sub>a</sub> = 10,500 J/mol</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-pane" id="pane-1">
      <div class="tag">Thermal Energy (T = 300 K)</div>
      <div class="math-main" id="m2"></div>
      <div class="badge-result">RT = 2,494.2 J/mol</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-pane" id="pane-2">
      <div class="tag">Boltzmann Fraction</div>
      <div class="math-main" id="m3"></div>
      <div class="badge-result">f = 0.0148 (1.48%)</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="step-pane" id="pane-3">
      <div class="tag">Steric × Energy (p = 0.16)</div>
      <div class="math-main" id="m4"></div>
      <div class="badge-result">0.00237 ≈ 1 in 420</div>
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        <span>1 effective hit</span>
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    </div>
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    <button class="ctrl-btn play-btn" id="playBtn">⏸</button>
    <button class="ctrl-btn" id="nextBtn">Next →</button>
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Pengenalan Konsep Mol dan Bilangan Avogadro

Konversi Mol ke Jumlah Partikel

Massa Molar dan Konversi Mol ke Massa

Volume Gas pada KSTP dan Konversi Mol ke Volume

Hubungan Mol, Massa, Jumlah Partikel, dan Volume Gas

Menentukan Rumus Empiris Senyawa

Menentukan Rumus Molekul dari Rumus Empiris

science

Konsep Mol dan Penentuan Rumus Senyawa

Defining and Measuring Rate of Reaction

Units in Rate Calculations: g/s, cm³/s and mol/s

Measuring Gas Volume: Gas Syringes and Upturned Measuring Cylinders

Measuring Mass Loss on a Balance During Gas Evolution

Measuring Turbidity and the Disappearing Cross Technique

Comparing and Evaluating Methods for Given Reactions

Measuring Rates of Reaction and Experimental Methods

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Surface Area

Calculating Surface Area to Volume Ratios for Reacting Solids

Explaining Surface Area Effects Using Collision Frequency

Investigating Particle Size and Surface Area on Reaction Rate

Interpreting Rate Graphs for Different Reactant Particle Sizes

Industrial and Everyday Applications of Reactant Surface Area

Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Reaction Rates

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Catalysts

Catalysts: Speeding Up Reactions Without Being Consumed

Identifying Catalysts from Mass and Reaction Data

Representing Catalysts in Balanced Chemical Equations

Explaining Activation Energy and Catalytic Pathways

Drawing and Interpreting Catalysed Reaction Profiles

Catalysts in Industry and Vehicle Catalytic Converters

Economic and Environmental Benefits of Catalysts in Industry

Catalysts and Activation Energy in Chemical Reactions

Plotting Rate of Reaction Graphs from Raw Experimental Data

Interpreting Reaction Rate Graphs

Explaining Graph Plateaus and Limiting Reactants

Determining Mean Rates from Graphs over Specific Time Intervals

Drawing Tangents to Determine Rates on Curved Graphs

Calculating Instantaneous Rates from Tangent Gradients

Rate of Reaction Graphs and Graphical Rate Calculations

Hukum Persamaan Massa dalam Reaksi Kimia

Menyetarakan Persamaan Reaksi Kimia

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Mol Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Massa Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Volume Gas dalam Reaksi

Pereaksi Pembatas dan Sisa Reaktan

Menghitung Rendemen Reaksi

Mengomunikasikan Hasil Perhitungan Stoikiometri

Stoikiometri Reaksi Kimia

Enzymes as Biological Catalysts and Activation Energy

The Lock and Key Model of Biological Enzyme Action

Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Catalyst Structure

Comparing Biological Enzymes and Chemical Catalysts

Everyday and Industrial Roles of Biological Enzymes

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts in Living Systems

Explaining Rate Changes Using Collision Theory

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Concentration

How Concentration Affects Collision Frequency and Rate

Explaining Gas Pressure Effects on Reaction Rate

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates: Temperature

How Temperature Affects Collision Frequency

How Temperature Affects Collision Energy

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates and Collision Theory

Konfigurasi Elektron dan Kestabilan Gas Mulia

Pembentukan Ion: Kation dan Anion

Ikatan Ionik dan Senyawa Ion

Ikatan Kovalen Tunggal, Ganda, dan Tripel

Ikatan Kovalen Koordinat

Bentuk Molekul: Teori VSEPR

Kepolaran Ikatan dan Kepolaran Molekul

Ikatan Kimia Intramolekul dan Kepolaran Molekul

Biological Enzymes and Industrial Catalysts

Catalysts, Activation Energy, and Reaction Profiles

Ikatan Logam dan Sifat Konduktor

Gaya Antarmolekul: Gaya Van der Waals

Ikatan Hidrogen Antarmolekul

Mengamati Sifat Fisik Senyawa Berdasarkan Jenis Ikatan

Hubungan Jenis Ikatan dengan Sifat Fisik Materi

Ikatan Logam, Gaya Antarmolekul, dan Sifat Fisik Materi

Konsep Laju Reaksi

Teori Tumbukan Partikel Materi

Mengamati Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi

Merumuskan Hipotesis tentang Faktor Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Konsentrasi terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Luas Permukaan terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Katalis terhadap Laju Reaksi

Laju Reaksi, Teori Tumbukan, dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya

Investigating Concentration Effects on Reaction Rate

Required Practical: Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid

Investigating Temperature Effects on Reaction Rate

GCSE Exam Mastery: Quantitative Rate Problems and 6-Mark Method Designs

Rates Required Practicals and GCSE Exam Mastery

Merencanakan Percobaan Laju Reaksi

Persamaan Laju Reaksi dan Orde Reaksi

Menentukan Orde Reaksi dari Data Eksperimen

Menganalisis Data Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Mengevaluasi dan Mengomunikasikan Hasil Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Penyelidikan Eksperimen dan Orde Reaksi

Concept of Entropy and Standard Molar Entropy

Calculating System Entropy Changes (ΔS)

Gibbs Free Energy Equation and Feasibility Criterion

Calculating Critical Temperatures for Reaction Feasibility

Graphical Analysis of ΔG Versus Temperature

Kinetic Stability Versus Thermodynamic Feasibility

Entropy and Thermodynamic Feasibility

Konsep Kesetimbangan Dinamis

Mengamati Kesetimbangan dalam Reaksi Reversibel

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kc)

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kp) untuk Reaksi Gas

Qc dan Arah Reaksi: Membandingkan Qc dengan Kc

Pergeseran Kesetimbangan: Prinsip Le Chatelier

Pengaruh Konsentrasi pada Kesetimbangan

Pengaruh Suhu dan Tekanan pada Kesetimbangan

Menganalisis Data Kesetimbangan dari Eksperimen

Mengevaluasi dan Refleksi Hasil Penyelidikan Kesetimbangan

Kesetimbangan Kimia

Teoría cinético-molecular de los gases

Presión atmosférica, unidades y medición manométrica

Ley de Boyle-Mariotte: presión y volumen

Ley de Charles: volumen y temperatura absoluta

Ley de Gay-Lussac: presión y temperatura

Ley combinada de los gases

Ley del gas ideal: PV = nRT

Densidad y masa molar de un gas

Ley de Dalton de las presiones parciales

Estequiometría con gases y volumen molar

Gases reales y desviaciones de la idealidad

Gases ideales, leyes de los gases y teoría cinético-molecular

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution and Temperature Effects

Catalytic Action and Energy Profile Diagrams

Rate Equations, Reaction Orders and Rate Constant

Determining Reaction Orders from Initial Rate Experiments

Continuous Monitoring Methods and Concentration-Time Graphs

Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanisms

Reaction Kinetics and Rate Equations

Teori Asam Basa Arrhenius

Teori Asam Basa Brønsted-Lowry

Teori Asam Basa Lewis

Kekuatan Asam dan Basa

Konsep pH dan pOH

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Kuat

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Lemah

Indikator Asam Basa dan Trayek pH

Teori Asam Basa dan Perhitungan pH

Proceso de disolución: solvatación y solubilidad

Factores que afectan la solubilidad: temperatura y presión

Unidades físicas de concentración

Molaridad: cálculo y preparación de soluciones

Molalidad y fracción molar

Dilución de soluciones: C1V1 = C2V2

Estequiometría en disolución acuosa

Propiedades coligativas de las disoluciones

Cálculo de aumento ebulloscópico y descenso crioscópico

Presión osmótica y aplicaciones biológicas

Disoluciones químicas, concentraciones y propiedades coligativas

Hidrolisis Garam

Konsep Larutan Penyangga

Menghitung pH Larutan Penyangga

Merencanakan dan Melakukan Titrasi Asam Basa

Menganalisis Data Titrasi Asam Basa

Penerapan pH dan Larutan Penyangga dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Hidrolisis Garam, Larutan Penyangga, dan Titrasi

Sistem dan Lingkungan dalam Termokimia

Perubahan Entalpi: Reaksi Eksoterm dan Endoterm

Penulisan Persamaan Termokimia

Pengukuran Kalor dengan Kalorimeter

Kapasitas Kalor dan Kalor Jenis

Hukum Hess

Entalpi Pembentukan Standar

Energi Ikatan dan Perubahan Entalpi

Mengevaluasi Hasil Percobaan Termokimia

Penerapan Termokimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Termokimia

Sistemas termodinámicos y primera ley

Reacciones endotérmicas y exotérmicas: entalpía de reacción

Calorimetría y capacidad calorífica específica

Ley de Hess y entalpías de formación

Energías de enlace y cálculo de entalpía de reacción

Entropía y segunda ley de la termodinámica

Energía libre de Gibbs y espontaneidad

Termodinámica de combustibles y eficiencia energética

Termoquímica y termodinámica química

Concepto y medición de la velocidad de reacción

Velocidad de reacción y teoría de colisiones

Energía de activación y complejo activado

Efecto de la concentración y superficie de contacto

Efecto de la temperatura y ecuación de Arrhenius

Catalizadores homogéneos, heterogéneos y enzimas

Ley de velocidad y orden de reacción

Mecanismos de reacción y etapa determinante

Cinética química y velocidad de reacción

Konsep Reaksi Reduksi dan Oksidasi

Bilangan Oksidasi dan Aturan Penentuan

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Setengah Reaksi

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Perubahan Bilangan Oksidasi

Konsep dan Persamaan Reaksi Redoks

OGS.11.PS.EQ.2

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams