<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 10px;
    }

    .diagram-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 720px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .diagram-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.04);
      position: relative;
    }

    .panel-header {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: baseline;
      margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .panel-title {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 2px 7px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }

    .badge-exo {
      background: #fef2f2;
      color: #dc2626;
      border: 1px solid #fecaca;
    }

    .badge-endo {
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #2563eb;
      border: 1px solid #bfdbfe;
    }

    .graph-container {
      width: 100%;
      aspect-ratio: 1.35;
      position: relative;
    }

    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .axis-line {
      stroke: #64748b;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }

    .axis-arrow {
      fill: #64748b;
    }

    .axis-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      fill: #64748b;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .level-line {
      stroke-width: 3;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }

    .exo-line {
      stroke: #dc2626;
    }

    .endo-line {
      stroke: #2563eb;
    }

    .curve-path {
      fill: none;
      stroke: #94a3b8;
      stroke-width: 1.75;
      stroke-dasharray: 4 3;
    }

    .ref-line {
      stroke: #cbd5e1;
      stroke-width: 1;
      stroke-dasharray: 3 3;
    }

    .label-state {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .dh-label {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .dh-sub {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .heat-pill {
      margin-top: 8px;
      padding: 6px 8px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-align: center;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .heat-pill-exo {
      background: #fff5f5;
      color: #b91c1c;
      border: 1px solid #fee2e2;
    }

    .heat-pill-endo {
      background: #f0f7ff;
      color: #1d4ed8;
      border: 1px solid #dbeafe;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header">
        <div class="panel-title">Exothermic</div>
        <div class="badge badge-exo">ΔH &lt; 0</div>
      </div>

      <div class="graph-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 280 190">
          <defs>
            <marker id="arr-axis" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="5" refY="3" markerWidth="4" markerHeight="4" orient="auto">
              <path d="M 0 0 L 6 3 L 0 6 z" class="axis-arrow"/>
            </marker>
            <marker id="arr-exo" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="3" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
              <path d="M 0 0 L 3 6 L 6 0 z" fill="#dc2626"/>
            </marker>
          </defs>

          
          <line x1="38" y1="165" x2="38" y2="16" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#arr-axis)"/>
          <line x1="38" y1="165" x2="265" y2="165" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#arr-axis)"/>

          <text x="14" y="90" class="axis-label" transform="rotate(-90 14 90)" text-anchor="middle">Enthalpy (H)</text>
          <text x="150" y="182" class="axis-label" text-anchor="middle">Reaction Progress</text>

          
          <path d="M 52 70 C 95 70, 110 32, 140 32 C 170 32, 185 135, 230 135" class="curve-path"/>

          
          <line x1="50" y1="70" x2="105" y2="70" class="level-line exo-line"/>
          <line x1="185" y1="135" x2="240" y2="135" class="level-line exo-line"/>

          <text x="50" y="62" class="label-state" fill="#1e2945">Reactants</text>
          <text x="185" y="152" class="label-state" fill="#1e2945">Products</text>

          
          <line x1="105" y1="70" x2="215" y2="70" class="ref-line"/>

          
          <line x1="212" y1="72" x2="212" y2="128" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" marker-end="url(#arr-exo)"/>

          
          <text x="218" y="100" class="dh-label" fill="#dc2626">ΔH &lt; 0</text>
          <text x="218" y="112" class="dh-sub" fill="#dc2626">Released</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="heat-pill heat-pill-exo">
        <span>🔥 System releases heat</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header">
        <div class="panel-title">Endothermic</div>
        <div class="badge badge-endo">ΔH &gt; 0</div>
      </div>

      <div class="graph-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 280 190">
          <defs>
            <marker id="arr-endo" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="3" refY="1" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
              <path d="M 0 6 L 3 0 L 6 6 z" fill="#2563eb"/>
            </marker>
          </defs>

          
          <line x1="38" y1="165" x2="38" y2="16" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#arr-axis)"/>
          <line x1="38" y1="165" x2="265" y2="165" class="axis-line" marker-end="url(#arr-axis)"/>

          <text x="14" y="90" class="axis-label" transform="rotate(-90 14 90)" text-anchor="middle">Enthalpy (H)</text>
          <text x="150" y="182" class="axis-label" text-anchor="middle">Reaction Progress</text>

          
          <path d="M 52 135 C 95 135, 110 32, 140 32 C 170 32, 185 70, 230 70" class="curve-path"/>

          
          <line x1="50" y1="135" x2="105" y2="135" class="level-line endo-line"/>
          <line x1="185" y1="70" x2="240" y2="70" class="level-line endo-line"/>

          <text x="50" y="152" class="label-state" fill="#1e2945">Reactants</text>
          <text x="185" y="62" class="label-state" fill="#1e2945">Products</text>

          
          <line x1="105" y1="135" x2="215" y2="135" class="ref-line"/>

          
          <line x1="212" y1="133" x2="212" y2="77" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2.5" marker-end="url(#arr-endo)"/>

          
          <text x="218" y="100" class="dh-label" fill="#2563eb">ΔH &gt; 0</text>
          <text x="218" y="112" class="dh-sub" fill="#2563eb">Absorbed</text>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="heat-pill heat-pill-endo">
        <span>❄️ System absorbs heat</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions: System and Surroundings

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Exothermic vs Endothermic</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 12px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 20px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 16px;
      }
    }
    .panel {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 4px;
    }
    .panel-header {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      margin-bottom: 2px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      letter-spacing: -0.2px;
    }
    .badge-exo {
      color: #ea580c;
    }
    .badge-endo {
      color: #0284c7;
    }
    .q-val {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }
    .canvas-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      height: 175px;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .result-tag {
      margin-top: 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .tag-hot {
      background: #ffedd5;
      color: #c2410c;
      border: 1px solid #fed7aa;
    }
    .tag-cold {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      border: 1px solid #bae6fd;
    }

    /* Smooth SVG Animations (>= 2.5s cycle) */
    @keyframes flowOutward {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 24; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }
    @keyframes flowInward {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 24; }
    }
    @keyframes pulseHot {
      0%, 100% { height: 48px; y: 58px; }
      50% { height: 72px; y: 34px; }
    }
    @keyframes pulseCold {
      0%, 100% { height: 40px; y: 66px; }
      50% { height: 16px; y: 90px; }
    }
    @keyframes arrowBobUp {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); }
      50% { transform: translateY(-4px); }
    }
    @keyframes arrowBobDown {
      0%, 100% { transform: translateY(0); }
      50% { transform: translateY(4px); }
    }

    .arrow-exo {
      stroke: #ea580c;
      stroke-dasharray: 4, 4;
      animation: flowOutward 2.4s linear infinite;
    }
    .arrow-endo {
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-dasharray: 4, 4;
      animation: flowInward 2.4s linear infinite;
    }
    .mercury-exo {
      animation: pulseHot 3s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    .mercury-endo {
      animation: pulseCold 3s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    .trend-up {
      animation: arrowBobUp 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    .trend-down {
      animation: arrowBobDown 2.5s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header badge-exo">Exothermic Process</div>
      <div class="q-val">q &lt; 0 (releases heat)</div>

      <div class="canvas-wrap">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 210 155">
          <defs>
            
            <marker id="arrow-exo-head" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
              <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#ea580c" />
            </marker>
            <marker id="arrow-endo-head" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" refX="4" refY="3" orient="auto">
              <path d="M0,0 L6,3 L0,6 Z" fill="#0284c7" />
            </marker>
          </defs>

          
          <rect x="8" y="8" width="144" height="138" rx="8" fill="#fff7ed" stroke="#fdba74" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,4" />
          
          
          <text x="14" y="21" font-size="8" fill="#c2410c" font-weight="800" letter-spacing="0.4">SURROUNDINGS</text>

          
          
          <line x1="80" y1="56" x2="80" y2="24" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-exo" marker-end="url(#arrow-exo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="80" y1="104" x2="80" y2="136" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-exo" marker-end="url(#arrow-exo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="56" y1="80" x2="22" y2="80" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-exo" marker-end="url(#arrow-exo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="104" y1="80" x2="138" y2="80" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-exo" marker-end="url(#arrow-exo-head)" />

          
          <circle cx="80" cy="80" r="23" fill="#ffedd5" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="80" y="83.5" font-size="9.5" fill="#9a3412" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">SYSTEM</text>

          
          
          <rect x="174" y="24" width="8" height="82" rx="4" fill="#e2e8f0" />
          
          <circle cx="178" cy="112" r="10" fill="#e2e8f0" />
          
          <rect x="175" y="44" width="6" height="62" rx="3" fill="#ea580c" class="mercury-exo" />
          <circle cx="178" cy="112" r="8" fill="#ea580c" />
          
          <line x1="184" y1="36" x2="188" y2="36" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="54" x2="188" y2="54" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="72" x2="188" y2="72" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="90" x2="188" y2="90" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          
          
          <g class="trend-up">
            <path d="M 194 56 L 194 36 M 190 40 L 194 36 L 198 40" stroke="#ea580c" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="result-tag tag-hot">T<sub>surroundings</sub> increases (feels hot)</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel">
      <div class="panel-header badge-endo">Endothermic Process</div>
      <div class="q-val">q &gt; 0 (absorbs heat)</div>

      <div class="canvas-wrap">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 210 155">
          
          <rect x="8" y="8" width="144" height="138" rx="8" fill="#f0f9ff" stroke="#7dd3fc" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="4,4" />
          
          
          <text x="14" y="21" font-size="8" fill="#0284c7" font-weight="800" letter-spacing="0.4">SURROUNDINGS</text>

          
          
          <line x1="80" y1="24" x2="80" y2="56" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-endo" marker-end="url(#arrow-endo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="80" y1="136" x2="80" y2="104" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-endo" marker-end="url(#arrow-endo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="22" y1="80" x2="56" y2="80" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-endo" marker-end="url(#arrow-endo-head)" />
          
          <line x1="138" y1="80" x2="104" y2="80" stroke-width="2.5" class="arrow-endo" marker-end="url(#arrow-endo-head)" />

          
          <circle cx="80" cy="80" r="23" fill="#e0f2fe" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" />
          <text x="80" y="83.5" font-size="9.5" fill="#0369a1" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">SYSTEM</text>

          
          
          <rect x="174" y="24" width="8" height="82" rx="4" fill="#e2e8f0" />
          
          <circle cx="178" cy="112" r="10" fill="#e2e8f0" />
          
          <rect x="175" y="80" width="6" height="26" rx="3" fill="#0284c7" class="mercury-endo" />
          <circle cx="178" cy="112" r="8" fill="#0284c7" />
          
          <line x1="184" y1="36" x2="188" y2="36" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="54" x2="188" y2="54" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="72" x2="188" y2="72" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          <line x1="184" y1="90" x2="188" y2="90" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5" />
          
          
          <g class="trend-down">
            <path d="M 194 70 L 194 90 M 190 86 L 194 90 L 198 86" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" fill="none" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="result-tag tag-cold">T<sub>surroundings</sub> decreases (feels cold)</div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>System, Boundary, and Surroundings</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e293b;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 12px 10px;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
      overflow-x: hidden;
    }

    /* Segmented Navigation */
    .nav-bar {
      display: flex;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 360px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 3px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      gap: 3px;
      box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }
    .nav-btn {
      flex: 1;
      border: none;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 7px 0;
      font-size: 11.5px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      border-radius: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }
    .nav-btn:hover:not(.active) {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #0f172a;
    }
    .nav-btn.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(37,99,235,0.35);
    }

    /* Graphic Canvas */
    .diagram-area {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 360px;
      margin: 8px 0;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      max-height: 255px;
      display: block;
    }

    /* Dynamic Visual Emphasis */
    .target-group {
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, filter 0.3s ease;
    }
    .dimmed {
      opacity: 0.22;
    }
    .highlight-system {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 6px rgba(37,99,235,0.6));
    }
    .highlight-boundary {
      stroke: #2563eb !important;
      stroke-width: 3 !important;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 5px rgba(37,99,235,0.7));
    }
    .highlight-surroundings {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 5px rgba(2,132,199,0.45));
    }

    /* Floating Molecules Animation (Calm, Smooth >= 1.5s duration) */
    @keyframes floatA {
      0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0); }
      50% { transform: translate(1.5px, -2px); }
    }
    @keyframes floatB {
      0%, 100% { transform: translate(0, 0); }
      50% { transform: translate(-2px, 1.5px); }
    }
    .m-1 { animation: floatA 3.6s ease-in-out infinite; }
    .m-2 { animation: floatB 4.2s ease-in-out infinite; }
    .m-3 { animation: floatA 4.8s ease-in-out infinite reverse; }
    .m-4 { animation: floatB 3.8s ease-in-out infinite reverse; }

    /* Info Badge Card */
    .info-box {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 360px;
      min-height: 48px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 7px 10px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .info-text {
      font-size: 12.5px;
      font-weight: 500;
      line-height: 1.4;
      color: #1e293b;
    }
    .badge {
      display: inline-block;
      padding: 1.5px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 11px;
      margin-right: 4px;
    }
    .badge-blue { background: #dbeafe; color: #1e40af; }
    .badge-cyan { background: #e0f2fe; color: #0369a1; }
    .badge-slate { background: #e2e8f0; color: #1e293b; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="nav-bar" role="tablist">
    <button class="nav-btn active" id="btn-overview" onclick="setFocus('overview')">Overview</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-system" onclick="setFocus('system')">System</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-boundary" onclick="setFocus('boundary')">Boundary</button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-surroundings" onclick="setFocus('surroundings')">Surroundings</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="diagram-area">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 360 240" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
      <defs>
        
        <linearGradient id="solventGrad" x1="0" y1="0" x2="0" y2="1">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#e0f2fe"/>
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#bae6fd"/>
        </linearGradient>
        
        <marker id="arrow" viewBox="0 0 6 6" refX="5" refY="3" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto-start-reverse">
          <path d="M 0 0.5 L 6 3 L 0 5.5 z" fill="#2563eb"/>
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
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Pengenalan Konsep Mol dan Bilangan Avogadro

Konversi Mol ke Jumlah Partikel

Massa Molar dan Konversi Mol ke Massa

Volume Gas pada KSTP dan Konversi Mol ke Volume

Hubungan Mol, Massa, Jumlah Partikel, dan Volume Gas

Menentukan Rumus Empiris Senyawa

Menentukan Rumus Molekul dari Rumus Empiris

science

Konsep Mol dan Penentuan Rumus Senyawa

Hukum Persamaan Massa dalam Reaksi Kimia

Menyetarakan Persamaan Reaksi Kimia

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Mol Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Massa Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Volume Gas dalam Reaksi

Pereaksi Pembatas dan Sisa Reaktan

Menghitung Rendemen Reaksi

Mengomunikasikan Hasil Perhitungan Stoikiometri

Stoikiometri Reaksi Kimia

Konfigurasi Elektron dan Kestabilan Gas Mulia

Pembentukan Ion: Kation dan Anion

Ikatan Ionik dan Senyawa Ion

Ikatan Kovalen Tunggal, Ganda, dan Tripel

Ikatan Kovalen Koordinat

Bentuk Molekul: Teori VSEPR

Kepolaran Ikatan dan Kepolaran Molekul

Ikatan Kimia Intramolekul dan Kepolaran Molekul

Ikatan Logam dan Sifat Konduktor

Gaya Antarmolekul: Gaya Van der Waals

Ikatan Hidrogen Antarmolekul

Mengamati Sifat Fisik Senyawa Berdasarkan Jenis Ikatan

Hubungan Jenis Ikatan dengan Sifat Fisik Materi

Ikatan Logam, Gaya Antarmolekul, dan Sifat Fisik Materi

Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions

Investigating Temperature Changes in Reactions: Calorimetry

Drawing and Interpreting Exothermic Reaction Profiles

Drawing and Interpreting Endothermic Reaction Profiles

Explaining Activation Energy and Catalytic Pathways

GCSE Exam Mastery: Reaction Profile Graphs

Energy Changes and Reaction Profiles

Konsep Laju Reaksi

Teori Tumbukan Partikel Materi

Mengamati Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi

Merumuskan Hipotesis tentang Faktor Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Konsentrasi terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Luas Permukaan terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Katalis terhadap Laju Reaksi

Laju Reaksi, Teori Tumbukan, dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya

Breaking Bonds Requires Energy, Making Bonds Releases Energy

Bond Energy and Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Calculating Energy Released in Forming Product Bonds

Calculating Overall Energy Changes Using Bond Energies

Calculating Unknown Bond Energies from Reaction Data

GCSE Exam Mastery: Bond Energy Calculations

Bond Energy Calculations and Chemical Energetics

Standard Enthalpy Definitions: Formation, Combustion, Neutralisation

Calorimetry Calculations Using q = mcΔT

Mean Bond Enthalpy Calculations and Limitations

Hess's Law and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Enthalpies of Formation

Calculating Enthalpy Changes Using Enthalpies of Combustion

Chemical Energetics and Hess's Law

Merencanakan Percobaan Laju Reaksi

Persamaan Laju Reaksi dan Orde Reaksi

Menentukan Orde Reaksi dari Data Eksperimen

Menganalisis Data Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Mengevaluasi dan Mengomunikasikan Hasil Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Penyelidikan Eksperimen dan Orde Reaksi

Concept of Entropy and Standard Molar Entropy

Calculating System Entropy Changes (ΔS)

Gibbs Free Energy Equation and Feasibility Criterion

Calculating Critical Temperatures for Reaction Feasibility

Graphical Analysis of ΔG Versus Temperature

Kinetic Stability Versus Thermodynamic Feasibility

Entropy and Thermodynamic Feasibility

Konsep Kesetimbangan Dinamis

Mengamati Kesetimbangan dalam Reaksi Reversibel

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kc)

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kp) untuk Reaksi Gas

Qc dan Arah Reaksi: Membandingkan Qc dengan Kc

Pergeseran Kesetimbangan: Prinsip Le Chatelier

Pengaruh Konsentrasi pada Kesetimbangan

Pengaruh Suhu dan Tekanan pada Kesetimbangan

Menganalisis Data Kesetimbangan dari Eksperimen

Mengevaluasi dan Refleksi Hasil Penyelidikan Kesetimbangan

Kesetimbangan Kimia

Teori Asam Basa Arrhenius

Teori Asam Basa Brønsted-Lowry

Teori Asam Basa Lewis

Kekuatan Asam dan Basa

Konsep pH dan pOH

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Kuat

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Lemah

Indikator Asam Basa dan Trayek pH

Teori Asam Basa dan Perhitungan pH

Hidrolisis Garam

Konsep Larutan Penyangga

Menghitung pH Larutan Penyangga

Merencanakan dan Melakukan Titrasi Asam Basa

Menganalisis Data Titrasi Asam Basa

Penerapan pH dan Larutan Penyangga dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Hidrolisis Garam, Larutan Penyangga, dan Titrasi

Sistem dan Lingkungan dalam Termokimia

Perubahan Entalpi: Reaksi Eksoterm dan Endoterm

Penulisan Persamaan Termokimia

Pengukuran Kalor dengan Kalorimeter

Kapasitas Kalor dan Kalor Jenis

Hukum Hess

Entalpi Pembentukan Standar

Energi Ikatan dan Perubahan Entalpi

Mengevaluasi Hasil Percobaan Termokimia

Penerapan Termokimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Termokimia

Konsep Reaksi Reduksi dan Oksidasi

Bilangan Oksidasi dan Aturan Penentuan

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Setengah Reaksi

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Perubahan Bilangan Oksidasi

Konsep dan Persamaan Reaksi Redoks

Sel Galvani: Konsep dan Komponen

Notasi Sel Elektrokimia

Potensial Elektrode Standar

Menghitung Potensial Sel

Sel Elektrolisis

Hukum Faraday

Sel Galvani dan Sel Elektrolisis

Korosi dan Pencegahan Korosi

Merencanakan Penyelidikan Korosi Logam

Mengevaluasi Hasil Penyelidikan Korosi

Aplikasi Sel Elektrokimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Korosi dan Aplikasi Sel Elektrokimia

Sifat Unik Atom Karbon

Hibridisasi Orbital Karbon

Senyawa Alkana: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Isomer Alkana

Senyawa Alkena: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Isomer Geometri Alkena: Cis dan Trans

Senyawa Alkuna: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Struktur dan Tata Nama Senyawa Karbon

Sifat Fisik Hidrokarbon

Reaksi Pembakaran Hidrokarbon

Reaksi Substitusi dan Adisi pada Hidrokarbon

Minyak Bumi dan Fraksi Destilasinya

Senyawa Turunan Hidrokarbon: Alkohol dan Eter

Senyawa Turunan Hidrokarbon: Asam Karboksilat dan Ester

Pemanfaatan Senyawa Karbon dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Sifat, Reaksi, Minyak Bumi, dan Turunan Hidrokarbon

OGS.11.PS.EQ.1

OGS.11.PS.EQ.1

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams