<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
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      color: #1e2945;
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    .card-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
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    .tag-attract {
      color: #15803d;
      background: #f0fdf4;
      border: 1px solid #bbf7d0;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
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    .tag-repulse {
      color: #dc2626;
      background: #fef2f2;
      border: 1px solid #fecaca;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
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    .svg-container {
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      max-width: 280px;
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
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    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      overflow: visible;
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    .particle-nucleus {
      fill: #3b82f6;
      stroke: #1d4ed8;
      stroke-width: 2;
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    .particle-electron {
      fill: #f59e0b;
      stroke: #b45309;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
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      font-family: inherit;
      font-weight: 800;
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      fill: #ffffff;
      text-anchor: middle;
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    .force-arrow-repulse {
      stroke: #dc2626;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      fill: none;
      stroke-linecap: round;
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    .pulse-attract {
      animation: pulseGreen 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    .pulse-repulse {
      animation: pulseRed 2.4s ease-in-out infinite;
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    @keyframes pulseGreen {
      0%, 100% { stroke-opacity: 0.9; stroke-width: 2.5; }
      50% { stroke-opacity: 0.4; stroke-width: 1.8; }
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      50% { stroke-opacity: 0.4; stroke-width: 1.8; }
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      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e2945;
      line-height: 1.35;
    }
    .summary-bar strong {
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="cards-row">
    
    <div class="force-card">
      <div class="card-header tag-attract">
        <span>Attractions (Stabilizing)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 180">
          <defs>
            <marker id="arrow-green" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#16a34a" />
            </marker>
          </defs>

          
          
          <line class="force-arrow-attract pulse-attract" x1="72" y1="62" x2="168" y2="120" marker-start="url(#arrow-green)" marker-end="url(#arrow-green)" />
          
          
          <line class="force-arrow-attract pulse-attract" x1="168" y1="62" x2="72" y2="120" marker-start="url(#arrow-green)" marker-end="url(#arrow-green)" />

          
          
          <circle cx="55" cy="50" r="17" class="particle-nucleus" />
          <text x="55" y="50" class="charge-text">+</text>
          <text x="55" y="24" class="label-text">Nucleus A</text>

          
          <circle cx="185" cy="50" r="17" class="particle-nucleus" />
          <text x="185" y="50" class="charge-text">+</text>
          <text x="185" y="24" class="label-text">Nucleus B</text>

          
          <circle cx="55" cy="132" r="13" class="particle-electron" />
          <text x="55" y="132" class="charge-text">−</text>
          <text x="55" y="158" class="label-text">Electron A</text>

          
          <circle cx="185" cy="132" r="13" class="particle-electron" />
          <text x="185" y="132" class="charge-text">−</text>
          <text x="185" y="158" class="label-text">Electron B</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="force-card">
      <div class="card-header tag-repulse">
        <span>Repulsions (Destabilizing)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="svg-container">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 240 180">
          <defs>
            <marker id="arrow-red" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
              <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#dc2626" />
            </marker>
          </defs>

          
          <line class="force-arrow-repulse pulse-repulse" x1="33" y1="50" x2="10" y2="50" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />
          <line class="force-arrow-repulse pulse-repulse" x1="207" y1="50" x2="230" y2="50" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />

          
          <line class="force-arrow-repulse pulse-repulse" x1="38" y1="132" x2="15" y2="132" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />
          <line class="force-arrow-repulse pulse-repulse" x1="202" y1="132" x2="225" y2="132" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />

          
          
          <circle cx="55" cy="50" r="17" class="particle-nucleus" />
          <text x="55" y="50" class="charge-text">+</text>
          <text x="55" y="24" class="label-text">Nucleus A</text>

          
          <circle cx="185" cy="50" r="17" class="particle-nucleus" />
          <text x="185" y="50" class="charge-text">+</text>
          <text x="185" y="24" class="label-text">Nucleus B</text>

          
          <circle cx="55" cy="132" r="13" class="particle-electron" />
          <text x="55" y="132" class="charge-text">−</text>
          <text x="55" y="158" class="label-text">Electron A</text>

          
          <circle cx="185" cy="132" r="13" class="particle-electron" />
          <text x="185" y="132" class="charge-text">−</text>
          <text x="185" y="158" class="label-text">Electron B</text>
        </svg>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="summary-bar">
    A bond forms only when <strong>net attractive forces</strong> exceed <strong>net repulsive forces</strong>.
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Electrostatic Foundations of Chemical Bonds

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <style>
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      align-items: center;
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      overflow: hidden;
    }
    .atom-pair {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .atom {
      position: absolute;
      width: 42px;
      height: 42px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle at 35% 35%, #93c5fd, #2563eb);
      box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.25);
      display: flex;
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      justify-content: center;
      transition: transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1);
    }
    .nucleus {
      width: 12px;
      height: 12px;
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      background: #ef4444;
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      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.6);
    }
    .cloud-overlap {
      position: absolute;
      width: 48px;
      height: 48px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(56, 189, 248, 0.65) 0%, rgba(56, 189, 248, 0) 70%);
      transition: opacity 0.4s ease, transform 0.4s ease;
      pointer-events: none;
    }
    .repulsion-flash {
      position: absolute;
      width: 28px;
      height: 28px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.85) 0%, rgba(239, 68, 68, 0) 75%);
      opacity: 0;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
      pointer-events: none;
    }
    .r-indicator {
      position: absolute;
      bottom: 4px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #475569;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }
    .graph-container {
      width: 100%;
      margin-top: 6px;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    .btn-row {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      margin-top: 6px;
    }
    .btn-step {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 6px 3px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease;
    }
    .btn-step:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
    .btn-step.active {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #2563eb;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(37, 99, 235, 0.3);
    }
    .dot-target {
      cursor: pointer;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="sim-stage">
    <div class="atom-pair">
      <div class="cloud-overlap" id="cloud"></div>
      <div class="repulsion-flash" id="repulsion"></div>
      <div class="atom" id="atomL"><div class="nucleus">+</div></div>
      <div class="atom" id="atomR"><div class="nucleus">+</div></div>
    </div>
    <div class="r-indicator" id="distLabel">r = 74 pm | Ep = -436 kJ/mol</div>
  </div>

  <div class="graph-container">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 350 210">
      
      <line x1="45" y1="62.9" x2="335" y2="62.9" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="3 3"/>
      <text x="39" y="66" fill="#64748b" font-size="9.5" text-anchor="end" font-weight="600">0</text>
      
      <line x1="45" y1="20" x2="335" y2="20" stroke="#f1f5f9" stroke-width="1"/>
      <text x="39" y="23.5" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="9" text-anchor="end">+200</text>

      <line x1="45" y1="156.3" x2="335" y2="156.3" stroke="#f1f5f9" stroke-width="1"/>
      <text x="39" y="160" fill="#2563eb" font-size="9" text-anchor="end" font-weight="700">-436</text>

      
      <line x1="45" y1="10" x2="45" y2="175" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5"/>
      <line x1="45" y1="175" x2="335" y2="175" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1.5"/>

      
      <text x="48" y="13" fill="#1e2945" font-size="10" font-weight="700">Ep (kJ/mol)</text>
      <text x="190" y="202" fill="#1e2945" font-size="10.5" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="700">Internuclear Distance r (pm)</text>

      
      <text x="45" y="187" fill="#94a3b8" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle">0</text>
      <text x="74.0" y="187" fill="#ef4444" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="600">30</text>
      <text x="116.4" y="187" fill="#2563eb" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="700">74</text>
      <text x="161.0" y="187" fill="#3b82f6" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle">120</text>
      <text x="335" y="187" fill="#64748b" font-size="9" text-anchor="middle">300</text>

      
      <line id="guideV" x1="116.4" y1="156.3" x2="116.4" y2="175" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/>
      <line id="guideH" x1="45" y1="156.3" x2="116.4" y2="156.3" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="2 2"/>

      
      <path id="curvePath" d="" fill="none" stroke="#2563eb" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round"/>

      
      <g class="dot-target" onclick="setStep(3)">
        <circle cx="74.0" cy="24.2" r="12" fill="transparent"/>
        <circle id="dot3" cx="74.0" cy="24.2" r="5" fill="#ef4444" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5"/>
      </g>
      <g class="dot-target" onclick="setStep(2)">
        <circle cx="116.4" cy="156.3" r="12" fill="transparent"/>
        <circle id="dot2" cx="116.4" cy="156.3" r="6.5" fill="#2563eb" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="2"/>
      </g>
      <g class="dot-target" onclick="setStep(1)">
        <circle cx="161.0" cy="126.3" r="12" fill="transparent"/>
        <circle id="dot1" cx="161.0" cy="126.3" r="5" fill="#3b82f6" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5"/>
      </g>
      <g class="dot-target" onclick="setStep(0)">
        <circle cx="335.0" cy="66.3" r="12" fill="transparent"/>
        <circle id="dot0" cx="335.0" cy="66.3" r="5" fill="#64748b" stroke="#ffffff" stroke-width="1.5"/>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="btn-row">
    <button class="btn-step" id="btn0" onclick="setStep(0)">300 pm<br><span style="font-size:9px;font-weight:400">Far Apart</span></button>
    <button class="btn-step" id="btn1" onclick="setStep(1)">120 pm<br><span style="font-size:9px;font-weight:400">Attraction</span></button>
    <button class="btn-step active" id="btn2" onclick="setStep(2)">74 pm<br><span style="font-size:9px;font-weight:400">Bond Length</span></button>
    <button class="btn-step" id="btn3" onclick="setStep(3)">30 pm<br><span style="font-size:9px;font-weight:400">Repulsion</span></button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const points = [
      { r: 300, ep: 0,    px: 335.0, py: 66.3,  offset: 120, cloudO: 0.05, repO: 0 },
      { r: 120, ep: -296, px: 161.0, py: 126.3, offset: 48,  cloudO: 0.5,  repO: 0 },
      { r: 74,  ep: -436, px: 116.4, py: 156.3, offset: 22,  cloudO: 1.0,  repO: 0 },
      { r: 30,  ep: 180,  px: 74.0,  py: 24.2,  offset: 8,   cloudO: 0.15, repO: 0.95 }
    ];

    function morseEnergy(r) {
      const De = 436;
      const re = 74;
      const a = 0.0178;
      return De * (Math.pow(1 - Math.exp(-a * (r - re)), 2) - 1);
    }

    function buildCurve() {
      let d = "";
      // Smoothly compute path from repulsive boundary down to asymptotic limit
      for (let r = 27.5; r <= 300; r += 1) {
        const val = morseEnergy(r);
        const x = 45 + (r / 300) * 290;
        const y = 20 + ((200 - val) / 700) * 150;
        d += (r === 27.5 ? "M" : " L") + x.toFixed(2) + " " + y.toFixed(2);
      }
      document.getElementById('curvePath').setAttribute('d', d);
    }

    function setStep(idx) {
      const pt = points[idx];
      
      // Update Buttons
      for (let i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        document.getElementById('btn' + i).classList.toggle('active', i === idx);
        const dot = document.getElementById('dot' + i);
        if (i === idx) {
          dot.setAttribute('r', '6.5');
          dot.setAttribute('stroke-width', '2');
        } else {
          dot.setAttribute('r', '5');
          dot.setAttribute('stroke-width', '1.5');
        }
      }

      // Animate Atoms
      document.getElementById('atomL').style.transform = `translateX(-${pt.offset}px)`;
      document.getElementById('atomR').style.transform = `translateX(${pt.offset}px)`;
      
      // Animate Electron Density & Repulsion
      const cloud = document.getElementById('cloud');
      cloud.style.opacity = pt.cloudO;
      cloud.style.transform = `scale(${1 + (1 - pt.offset / 120) * 0.5})`;

      const rep = document.getElementById('repulsion');
      rep.style.opacity = pt.repO;

      // Update Text Indicator
      document.getElementById('distLabel').textContent = `r = ${pt.r} pm | Ep = ${pt.ep > 0 ? '+' : ''}${pt.ep} kJ/mol`;

      // Update Crosshair Guides
      const gV = document.getElementById('guideV');
      gV.setAttribute('x1', pt.px);
      gV.setAttribute('y1', pt.py);
      gV.setAttribute('x2', pt.px);
      gV.setAttribute('y2', '175');

      const gH = document.getElementById('guideH');
      gH.setAttribute('x1', '45');
      gH.setAttribute('y1', pt.py);
      gH.setAttribute('x2', pt.px);
      gH.setAttribute('y2', pt.py);
    }

    buildCurve();
    setStep(2);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Electrostatic Forces in Hydrogen Bond</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; }
    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100%;
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    .status-bar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }
    .badge {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }
    .badge.attractive { background: #ecfdf5; color: #059669; border-color: #a7f3d0; }
    .badge.balanced { background: #eff6ff; color: #2563eb; border-color: #bfdbfe; }
    .badge.repulsive { background: #fef2f2; color: #dc2626; border-color: #fecaca; }
    
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      height: 220px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      overflow: visible;
    }
    
    .controls {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 380px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .slider-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 10px;
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    .slider-row span {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #6b7280;
      white-space: nowrap;
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    input[type="range"] {
      flex: 1;
      accent-color: #2563eb;
      height: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .toggles {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .btn-toggle {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
      color: #64748b;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      user-select: none;
      transition: background 0.15s, border-color 0.15s, color 0.15s;
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    .btn-toggle.active-attr {
      background: #ecfdf5;
      border-color: #10b981;
      color: #047857;
    }
    .btn-toggle.active-rep {
      background: #fef2f2;
      border-color: #ef4444;
      color: #b91c1c;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="status-bar">
    <div id="statusBadge" class="badge balanced">Balanced</div>
  </div>

  <div class="canvas-box">
    <svg id="scene" viewBox="0 0 400 220">
      <defs>
        
        <radialGradient id="cloudA" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#38bdf8" stop-opacity="0.8" />
          <stop offset="60%" stop-color="#0284c7" stop-opacity="0.35" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#0369a1" stop-opacity="0" />
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          <stop offset="60%" stop-color="#0284c7" stop-opacity="0.35" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#0369a1" stop-opacity="0" />
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        <marker id="arrow-red" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="6" refY="5" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
          <path d="M 0 1.5 L 8 5 L 0 8.5 z" fill="#dc2626" />
        </marker>
      </defs>

      
      <g id="forceGroup"></g>

      
      <g id="atomA">
        <circle id="cloudShapeA" cx="140" cy="110" r="54" fill="url(#cloudA)" />
        <circle cx="140" cy="110" r="14" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <circle cx="140" cy="110" r="11" fill="#ef4444" />
        <text x="140" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="11" font-weight="bold">+1</text>
        <text x="140" y="142" text-anchor="middle" fill="#1e2945" font-size="11" font-weight="600">Nucleus A</text>
      </g>

      
      <g id="atomB">
        <circle id="cloudShapeB" cx="260" cy="110" r="54" fill="url(#cloudB)" />
        <circle cx="260" cy="110" r="14" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="1.5" />
        <circle cx="260" cy="110" r="11" fill="#ef4444" />
        <text x="260" y="114" text-anchor="middle" fill="#ffffff" font-size="11" font-weight="bold">+1</text>
        <text x="260" y="142" text-anchor="middle" fill="#1e2945" font-size="11" font-weight="600">Nucleus B</text>
      </g>
    </svg>
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <div class="slider-row">
      <span>Close</span>
      <input type="range" id="distSlider" min="45" max="145" value="95">
      <span>Far</span>
    </div>
    <div class="toggles">
      <button id="toggleAttr" class="btn-toggle active-attr">
        <span>●</span> Attractions
      </button>
      <button id="toggleRep" class="btn-toggle active-rep">
        <span>●</span> Repulsions
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const slider = document.getElementById('distSlider');
    const badge = document.getElementById('statusBadge');
    const forceGroup = document.getElementById('forceGroup');
    const btnAttr = document.getElementById('toggleAttr');
    const btnRep = document.getElementById('toggleRep');

    const atomA = document.getElementById('atomA');
    const atomB = document.getElementById('atomB');
    const cloudA = document.getElementById('cloudShapeA');
    const cloudB = document.getElementById('cloudShapeB');

    let showAttr = true;
    let showRep = true;

    btnAttr.addEventListener('click', () => {
      showAttr = !showAttr;
      btnAttr.classList.toggle('active-attr', showAttr);
      update();
    });

    btnRep.addEventListener('click', () => {
      showRep = !showRep;
      btnRep.classList.toggle('active-rep', showRep);
      update();
    });

    slider.addEventListener('input', update);

    function update() {
      const halfSep = parseFloat(slider.value);
      const centerX = 200;
      const cy = 110;

      const ax = centerX - halfSep;
      const bx = centerX + halfSep;
      const sep = bx - ax;

      // Update Atom positions
      atomA.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${ax - 140}, 0)`);
      atomB.setAttribute('transform', `translate(${bx - 260}, 0)`);

      // Equilibrium is around slider value 95 (sep = 190)
      // Close: < 80 (repulsive dominates)
      // Balanced: 80 - 110
      // Far: > 110 (attractive dominates)
      if (halfSep < 78) {
        badge.textContent = 'Net Force: Repulsive';
        badge.className = 'badge repulsive';
      } else if (halfSep > 112) {
        badge.textContent = 'Net Force: Attractive';
        badge.className = 'badge attractive';
      } else {
        badge.textContent = 'Balanced';
        badge.className = 'badge balanced';
      }

      // Draw Forces
      let svgContent = '';

      // ATTRACTIONS (Green curved / diagonal arrows)
      if (showAttr) {
        // Nucleus A attracted to Electron Cloud B (top curve)
        // Nucleus B attracted to Electron Cloud A (bottom curve)
        const attrArcH = Math.min(36, Math.max(14, sep * 0.22));
        
        // Nucleus A -> Cloud B (rightward top)
        svgContent += `
          <path d="M ${ax + 10} ${cy - 12} Q ${centerX} ${cy - 12 - attrArcH} ${bx - 12} ${cy - 12}" 
                fill="none" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="2.5" 
                marker-end="url(#arrow-green)" />
        `;
        // Nucleus B -> Cloud A (leftward bottom)
        svgContent += `
          <path d="M ${bx - 10} ${cy + 12} Q ${centerX} ${cy + 12 + attrArcH} ${ax + 12} ${cy + 12}" 
                fill="none" stroke="#059669" stroke-width="2.5" 
                marker-end="url(#arrow-green)" />
        `;
      }

      // REPULSIONS (Red dashed lines)
      if (showRep) {
        // Nucleus-Nucleus repulsion (center line)
        const nucLineWidth = halfSep < 78 ? 3.5 : 2;
        svgContent += `
          <line x1="${ax + 14}" y1="${cy}" x2="${bx - 14}" y2="${cy}" 
                stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="${nucLineWidth}" stroke-dasharray="4 4" 
                marker-start="url(#arrow-red)" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />
        `;

        // Electron-Electron repulsion (top arched dashed)
        const eleArcH = Math.min(50, Math.max(20, sep * 0.3));
        svgContent += `
          <path d="M ${ax + 18} ${cy - 38} Q ${centerX} ${cy - 38 - eleArcH} ${bx - 18} ${cy - 38}" 
                fill="none" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4"
                marker-start="url(#arrow-red)" marker-end="url(#arrow-red)" />
        `;
      }

      forceGroup.innerHTML = svgContent;
    }

    update();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Using Electronegativity Differences to Predict Bond Types

Ionic Bonding, Electron Transfer, and Lattice Energy

Covalent Bonding and Electron Sharing Mechanisms

Metallic Bonding and the Electron Sea Model

Drawing Molecular Lewis Structures and Resonance

Calculating Formal Charge in Complex Ions

Exceptions to the Octet Rule and Expanded Octets

science

Chemical Bonding and Lewis Structures

Evolución de los modelos atómicos

Partículas subatómicas e isótopos

Modelo mecánico cuántico y números cuánticos

Configuración electrónica y regla de Aufbau

Electrones de valencia y diagramas de Lewis

Estructura atómica y mecánica cuántica

Pengenalan Konsep Mol dan Bilangan Avogadro

Konversi Mol ke Jumlah Partikel

Massa Molar dan Konversi Mol ke Massa

Volume Gas pada KSTP dan Konversi Mol ke Volume

Hubungan Mol, Massa, Jumlah Partikel, dan Volume Gas

Menentukan Rumus Empiris Senyawa

Menentukan Rumus Molekul dari Rumus Empiris

Konsep Mol dan Penentuan Rumus Senyawa

Hukum Persamaan Massa dalam Reaksi Kimia

Menyetarakan Persamaan Reaksi Kimia

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Mol Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Hubungan Massa Antar Zat

Perhitungan Stoikiometri: Volume Gas dalam Reaksi

Pereaksi Pembatas dan Sisa Reaktan

Menghitung Rendemen Reaksi

Mengomunikasikan Hasil Perhitungan Stoikiometri

Stoikiometri Reaksi Kimia

Konfigurasi Elektron dan Kestabilan Gas Mulia

Pembentukan Ion: Kation dan Anion

Ikatan Ionik dan Senyawa Ion

Ikatan Kovalen Tunggal, Ganda, dan Tripel

Ikatan Kovalen Koordinat

Bentuk Molekul: Teori VSEPR

Kepolaran Ikatan dan Kepolaran Molekul

Ikatan Kimia Intramolekul dan Kepolaran Molekul

Organización de la tabla periódica actual

Clasificación de elementos: metales, no metales y metaloides

Carga nuclear efectiva y efecto pantalla

Tendencias periódicas: radio atómico e iónico

Energía de ionización y afinidad electrónica

Electronegatividad y carácter metálico

Estados de oxidación y reactividad por grupos

Elementos de transición y tierras raras

Resolución de problemas con propiedades periódicas

Tabla periódica y propiedades periódicas

Nature of Ionic Bonding and Giant Ionic Lattices

Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent Coordinate Bonds

Metallic Bonding and Properties of Metals

Giant Covalent Structures: Diamond, Graphite and Graphene

Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds

Permanent and Induced Dipole-Dipole Forces (Van der Waals)

Hydrogen Bonding and Anomalous Properties of Water

Relating Structure and Bonding to Physical Properties

Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces

Regla del octeto y estructuras de Lewis moleculares

Enlace iónico: formación, redes cristalinas y energía reticular

Enlace covalente polar y apolar

Enlace metálico y el modelo del mar de electrones

Teoría de repulsión de pares electrónicos (RPECV)

Polaridad molecular y momento dipolar

Fuerzas intermoleculares: dipolo-dipolo y dispersión de London

Puentes de hidrógeno y propiedades del agua

Relación entre enlace y propiedades macroscópicas

Enlace químico, geometría molecular y fuerzas intermoleculares

Ikatan Logam dan Sifat Konduktor

Gaya Antarmolekul: Gaya Van der Waals

Ikatan Hidrogen Antarmolekul

Mengamati Sifat Fisik Senyawa Berdasarkan Jenis Ikatan

Hubungan Jenis Ikatan dengan Sifat Fisik Materi

Ikatan Logam, Gaya Antarmolekul, dan Sifat Fisik Materi

Ionic Bonding: Electron Transfer and Giant Lattices

Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Structures

Polymers and Synthetic Macromolecules

Metallic Bonding and Properties of Metals and Alloys

Comparing Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Substances

Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

Konsep Laju Reaksi

Teori Tumbukan Partikel Materi

Mengamati Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi

Merumuskan Hipotesis tentang Faktor Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Konsentrasi terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Luas Permukaan terhadap Laju Reaksi

Pengaruh Katalis terhadap Laju Reaksi

Laju Reaksi, Teori Tumbukan, dan Faktor yang Mempengaruhinya

Asignación de números de oxidación en compuestos

Óxidos básicos y óxidos ácidos: formulación y nomenclatura

Hidróxidos o bases: formulación y nomenclatura

Hidrácidos y oxácidos: formulación y nomenclatura

Sales neutras, ácidas y básicas: formulación y nomenclatura

Hidruros metálicos y no metálicos

Taller integrado de nomenclatura inorgánica

Nomenclatura química inorgánica y formulación

Electrostatic Forces in Chemical Bonding

Constructing Dot and Cross Diagrams for Ionic Compounds

Constructing Dot and Cross Diagrams for Covalent Molecules

Evaluating Limitations of Chemical Bonding Models

Relating Bulk Properties to Bonding and Structure

Chemical Bonding Models and Representations

Merencanakan Percobaan Laju Reaksi

Persamaan Laju Reaksi dan Orde Reaksi

Menentukan Orde Reaksi dari Data Eksperimen

Menganalisis Data Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Mengevaluasi dan Mengomunikasikan Hasil Eksperimen Laju Reaksi

Penyelidikan Eksperimen dan Orde Reaksi

Konsep Kesetimbangan Dinamis

Mengamati Kesetimbangan dalam Reaksi Reversibel

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kc)

Tetapan Kesetimbangan (Kp) untuk Reaksi Gas

Qc dan Arah Reaksi: Membandingkan Qc dengan Kc

Pergeseran Kesetimbangan: Prinsip Le Chatelier

Pengaruh Konsentrasi pada Kesetimbangan

Pengaruh Suhu dan Tekanan pada Kesetimbangan

Menganalisis Data Kesetimbangan dari Eksperimen

Mengevaluasi dan Refleksi Hasil Penyelidikan Kesetimbangan

Kesetimbangan Kimia

Teori Asam Basa Arrhenius

Teori Asam Basa Brønsted-Lowry

Teori Asam Basa Lewis

Kekuatan Asam dan Basa

Konsep pH dan pOH

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Kuat

Menghitung pH Larutan Asam dan Basa Lemah

Indikator Asam Basa dan Trayek pH

Teori Asam Basa dan Perhitungan pH

Hidrolisis Garam

Konsep Larutan Penyangga

Menghitung pH Larutan Penyangga

Merencanakan dan Melakukan Titrasi Asam Basa

Menganalisis Data Titrasi Asam Basa

Penerapan pH dan Larutan Penyangga dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Hidrolisis Garam, Larutan Penyangga, dan Titrasi

Sistem dan Lingkungan dalam Termokimia

Perubahan Entalpi: Reaksi Eksoterm dan Endoterm

Penulisan Persamaan Termokimia

Pengukuran Kalor dengan Kalorimeter

Kapasitas Kalor dan Kalor Jenis

Hukum Hess

Entalpi Pembentukan Standar

Energi Ikatan dan Perubahan Entalpi

Mengevaluasi Hasil Percobaan Termokimia

Penerapan Termokimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Termokimia

Sistemas termodinámicos y primera ley

Reacciones endotérmicas y exotérmicas: entalpía de reacción

Calorimetría y capacidad calorífica específica

Ley de Hess y entalpías de formación

Energías de enlace y cálculo de entalpía de reacción

Entropía y segunda ley de la termodinámica

Energía libre de Gibbs y espontaneidad

Termodinámica de combustibles y eficiencia energética

Termoquímica y termodinámica química

Konsep Reaksi Reduksi dan Oksidasi

Bilangan Oksidasi dan Aturan Penentuan

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Setengah Reaksi

Menyetarakan Reaksi Redoks: Metode Perubahan Bilangan Oksidasi

Konsep dan Persamaan Reaksi Redoks

Sel Galvani: Konsep dan Komponen

Notasi Sel Elektrokimia

Potensial Elektrode Standar

Menghitung Potensial Sel

Sel Elektrolisis

Hukum Faraday

Sel Galvani dan Sel Elektrolisis

Korosi dan Pencegahan Korosi

Merencanakan Penyelidikan Korosi Logam

Mengevaluasi Hasil Penyelidikan Korosi

Aplikasi Sel Elektrokimia dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari

Korosi dan Aplikasi Sel Elektrokimia

El átomo de carbono y la tetravalencia

Hibridación sp3, sp2 y sp del carbono

Tipos de fórmulas en química orgánica

Alcanos: nomenclatura y propiedades físicas

Alquenos y alquinos: nomenclatura y reactividad

Hidrocarburos cíclicos y conformaciones del ciclohexano

Hidrocarburos aromáticos: benceno y resonancia

Isomería estructural: de cadena, posición y función

Estereoisomería: isomería geométrica y óptica

Petróleo: refinación y derivados petroquímicos

Química del carbono, isomería e hidrocarburos

Sifat Unik Atom Karbon

Hibridisasi Orbital Karbon

Senyawa Alkana: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Isomer Alkana

Senyawa Alkena: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Isomer Geometri Alkena: Cis dan Trans

Senyawa Alkuna: Rumus dan Tata Nama IUPAC

Struktur dan Tata Nama Senyawa Karbon

Sifat Fisik Hidrokarbon

Reaksi Pembakaran Hidrokarbon

Reaksi Substitusi dan Adisi pada Hidrokarbon

Minyak Bumi dan Fraksi Destilasinya

Sifat, Reaksi, Minyak Bumi, dan Turunan Hidrokarbon

OGS.11.PS.BD.1

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams