<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      background: transparent;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 8px;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .column {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .header-tag {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 14px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .tag-falsifiable {
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .tag-unfalsifiable {
      color: #7c3aed;
    }

    .claim-box {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.3;
      color: #334155;
    }

    .outcomes {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      flex-grow: 1;
    }

    .outcome-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 8px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 8px 10px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .badge-pass {
      background: #dcfce7;
      color: #15803d;
    }

    .badge-fail {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #b91c1c;
    }

    .badge-loop {
      background: #f3e8ff;
      color: #7e22ce;
    }

    .status-banner {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-align: center;
      padding: 6px;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }

    .status-falsifiable {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .status-unfalsifiable {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 10px;
    }

    .btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="column" id="col-falsifiable">
      <div class="header-tag tag-falsifiable">
        <span>✓</span> Falsifiable
      </div>

      <div class="claim-box">
        "Salt raises water's boiling point."
      </div>

      <div class="outcomes">
        <div class="outcome-card" id="card-f1">
          <span>Boils at 102°C</span>
          <span class="badge badge-pass">✓ Supports</span>
        </div>
        <div class="outcome-card" id="card-f2">
          <span>Boils at 98°C</span>
          <span class="badge badge-fail">✕ Disproves</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="status-banner status-falsifiable">
        Can be tested & disproven
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column" id="col-unfalsifiable">
      <div class="header-tag tag-unfalsifiable">
        <span>⊘</span> Unfalsifiable
      </div>

      <div class="claim-box">
        "Invisible energy altered this test."
      </div>

      <div class="outcomes">
        <div class="outcome-card" id="card-u1">
          <span>Effect detected</span>
          <span class="badge badge-pass">✓ Supports</span>
        </div>
        <div class="outcome-card" id="card-u2">
          <span>No effect found</span>
          <span class="badge badge-loop">↻ "Energy hid"</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="status-banner status-unfalsifiable">
        Cannot be disproven
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="btn active" id="btn-all" onclick="showState('all')">Compare Both</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-falsifiable" onclick="showState('falsifiable')">Falsifiable</button>
    <button class="btn" id="btn-unfalsifiable" onclick="showState('unfalsifiable')">Unfalsifiable</button>
  </div>

  <script>
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        colF.style.opacity = '0.35';
        colU.style.opacity = '1';
        document.getElementById('btn-unfalsifiable').classList.add('active');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Formulating Testable Questions and Falsifiable Hypotheses

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 16px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .header-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 36px 1.4fr;
      gap: 10px;
      padding: 0 4px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .rows-container {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .flow-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 36px 1.4fr;
      gap: 10px;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 10px 8px;
      border-radius: 10px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      transition: background 0.25s ease, transform 0.25s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .flow-row.active {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #0284c7 inset;
    }

    .vague-pill {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      color: #475569;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.25;
    }

    .emoji-icon {
      font-size: 18px;
      line-height: 1;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    .arrow-col {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      color: #0284c7;
      font-weight: 800;
      font-size: 16px;
    }

    .defined-box {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #38bdf8;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 3px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
    }

    .defined-title {
      font-size: 13.5px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0369a1;
      line-height: 1.25;
    }

    .defined-detail {
      font-size: 11.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .metric-tag {
      display: inline-block;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0284c7;
      border-radius: 4px;
      padding: 1px 5px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .nav-bar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      padding-top: 4px;
      border-top: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
    }

    .status-text {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .status-text strong {
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .btn-group {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .step-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: 5px 10px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .step-btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }

    .step-btn.active-btn {
      background: #0284c7;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      body {
        padding: 8px 6px;
        gap: 8px;
      }
      .header-row {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 24px 1.3fr;
        font-size: 10px;
      }
      .flow-row {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 24px 1.3fr;
        padding: 8px 6px;
        gap: 6px;
      }
      .vague-pill {
        padding: 8px 8px;
        font-size: 12px;
        gap: 4px;
      }
      .emoji-icon {
        font-size: 14px;
      }
      .defined-box {
        padding: 6px 8px;
      }
      .defined-title {
        font-size: 12px;
      }
      .defined-detail {
        font-size: 10.5px;
      }
      .metric-tag {
        font-size: 10px;
        padding: 1px 4px;
      }
      .arrow-col {
        font-size: 13px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-row">
    <div>Vague Concept</div>
    <div style="text-align: center;">→</div>
    <div>Operational Definition</div>
  </div>

  <div class="rows-container">
    
    <div class="flow-row active" id="row-0" onclick="setRow(0)">
      <div class="vague-pill">
        <span class="emoji-icon">📱</span>
        <span>Heavy screen time</span>
      </div>
      <div class="arrow-col">➔</div>
      <div class="defined-box">
        <div class="defined-title">≥ 4 hrs/day smartphone use</div>
        <div class="defined-detail">
          <span>Logged via:</span>
          <span class="metric-tag">Device screen tracker</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="flow-row" id="row-1" onclick="setRow(1)">
      <div class="vague-pill">
        <span class="emoji-icon">🎓</span>
        <span>Academic success</span>
      </div>
      <div class="arrow-col">➔</div>
      <div class="defined-box">
        <div class="defined-title">Score % on standard test</div>
        <div class="defined-detail">
          <span>Tool:</span>
          <span class="metric-tag">30-item chemistry exam</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="flow-row" id="row-2" onclick="setRow(2)">
      <div class="vague-pill">
        <span class="emoji-icon">🌱</span>
        <span>Plant growth</span>
      </div>
      <div class="arrow-col">➔</div>
      <div class="defined-box">
        <div class="defined-title">Dry shoot biomass (g)</div>
        <div class="defined-detail">
          <span>Measure:</span>
          <span class="metric-tag">Analytical balance @ 21 d</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="nav-bar">
    <div class="status-text" id="statusLabel">
      Concept <strong>1 of 3</strong>: Measurable & Observable
    </div>
    <div class="btn-group">
      <button class="step-btn" id="prevBtn" onclick="prevStep()">◀</button>
      <button class="step-btn" id="playBtn" onclick="toggleAuto()">⏸ Pause</button>
      <button class="step-btn" id="nextBtn" onclick="nextStep()">▶</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
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    let autoInterval = null;
    let isPlaying = true;
    const totalRows = 3;

    function updateView() {
      for (let i = 0; i < totalRows; i++) {
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          row.classList.add('active');
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          row.classList.remove('active');
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        `Concept <strong>${currentIdx + 1} of ${totalRows}</strong>: Specific & Quantified`;
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      currentIdx = (currentIdx + 1) % totalRows;
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      updateView();
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    function toggleAuto() {
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        clearInterval(autoInterval);
        isPlaying = false;
        btn.textContent = '▶ Play';
      } else {
        isPlaying = true;
        btn.textContent = '⏸ Pause';
        startTimer();
      }
    }

    function startTimer() {
      clearInterval(autoInterval);
      autoInterval = setInterval(() => {
        nextStep();
      }, 3500);
    }

    startTimer();
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e293b;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
      min-height: 100%;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .header-bar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 0 4px;
    }

    .title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .hint {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #94a3b8;
    }

    /* Stack of Hypothesis Blocks */
    .hypothesis-stack {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .hypo-card {
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      border: 1.5px solid transparent;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 4px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease, transform 0.15s ease;
      background: #f8fafc;
    }

    .hypo-card:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);
    }

    .hypo-card.active {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.05), 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
    }

    /* Card 1: IF */
    .card-if {
      background: #fff7ed;
      border-color: #ffedd5;
    }
    .card-if.active { border-color: #f97316; }
    .card-if .tag-label { color: #ea580c; background: #ffedd5; }
    .card-if .role { color: #9a3412; }

    /* Card 2: THEN */
    .card-then {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border-color: #e0f2fe;
    }
    .card-then.active { border-color: #0284c7; }
    .card-then .tag-label { color: #0284c7; background: #e0f2fe; }
    .card-then .role { color: #075985; }

    /* Card 3: BECAUSE */
    .card-because {
      background: #faf5ff;
      border-color: #f3e8ff;
    }
    .card-because.active { border-color: #9333ea; }
    .card-because .tag-label { color: #9333ea; background: #f3e8ff; }
    .card-because .role { color: #6b21a8; }

    .card-top {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .tag-group {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .tag-label {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .role {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }

    .card-icon {
      font-size: 16px;
    }

    .card-statement {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #1e293b;
      line-height: 1.35;
      padding-left: 2px;
    }

    /* Connector arrow */
    .connector {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      height: 6px;
      color: #cbd5e1;
      font-size: 11px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    /* Falsifying Observation Footer */
    .falsify-bar {
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      background: #fef2f2;
      border: 1.5px dashed #f87171;
      display: flex;
      align-items: flex-start;
      gap: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }

    .falsify-bar.active {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.2), 0 4px 12px rgba(239, 68, 68, 0.1);
      border-style: solid;
    }

    .falsify-badge {
      background: #fee2e2;
      color: #dc2626;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 2px 7px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      white-space: nowrap;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }

    .falsify-text {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #991b1b;
      line-height: 1.3;
    }

    /* Dynamic Explanation Box */
    .info-pane {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #475569;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      min-height: 38px;
    }

    .info-bullet {
      width: 6px;
      height: 6px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-bar">
    <span class="title">Testable Hypothesis Breakdown</span>
    <span class="hint">Tap components to explore</span>
  </div>

  <div class="hypothesis-stack">
    
    <div class="hypo-card card-if active" id="cardIf" onclick="selectCard('if')">
      <div class="card-top">
        <div class="tag-group">
          <span class="tag-label">IF</span>
          <span class="role">Independent Variable (IV) + Operational Definition</span>
        </div>
        <span class="card-icon">☕</span>
      </div>
      <div class="card-statement">Consume 100 mg caffeine in 200 mL water</div>
    </div>

    <div class="connector">↓</div>

    
    <div class="hypo-card card-then" id="cardThen" onclick="selectCard('then')">
      <div class="card-top">
        <div class="tag-group">
          <span class="tag-label">THEN</span>
          <span class="role">Dependent Variable (DV) + Direction</span>
        </div>
        <span class="card-icon">⏱️</span>
      </div>
      <div class="card-statement">Mean reaction time (ms) decreases</div>
    </div>

    <div class="connector">↓</div>

    
    <div class="hypo-card card-because" id="cardBecause" onclick="selectCard('because')">
      <div class="card-top">
        <div class="tag-group">
          <span class="tag-label">BECAUSE</span>
          <span class="role">Biological Mechanism</span>
        </div>
        <span class="card-icon">⚡</span>
      </div>
      <div class="card-statement">Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors to speed neural conduction</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="falsify-bar" id="cardFalsify" onclick="selectCard('falsify')">
    <span class="falsify-badge">Disproof Test</span>
    <div class="falsify-text">
      <strong>Falsifying Observation:</strong> Reaction times stay the same or increase.
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="info-pane" id="infoPane">
    <div class="info-bullet" id="infoBullet" style="background:#ea580c;"></div>
    <span id="infoContent"><strong>Independent Variable:</strong> Exactly specifies dose & volume so the manipulation is reproducible.</span>
  </div>

  <script>
    const explanations = {
      if: {
        color: '#ea580c',
        text: '<strong>Independent Variable:</strong> Gives exact dose (100 mg) and delivery (200 mL) for precise experimental control.'
      },
      then: {
        color: '#0284c7',
        text: '<strong>Dependent Variable:</strong> Specifies the measured outcome (reaction time in ms) and the testable direction (decrease).'
      },
      because: {
        color: '#9333ea',
        text: '<strong>Biological Mechanism:</strong> Grounds the prediction in science (receptor blockade) rather than guessing.'
      },
      falsify: {
        color: '#dc2626',
        text: '<strong>Falsifiability:</strong> Clear threshold where data would conclusively refute the hypothesis.'
      }
    };

    function selectCard(type) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.hypo-card, .falsify-bar').forEach(el => el.classList.remove('active'));
      
      if (type === 'if') document.getElementById('cardIf').classList.add('active');
      if (type === 'then') document.getElementById('cardThen').classList.add('active');
      if (type === 'because') document.getElementById('cardBecause').classList.add('active');
      if (type === 'falsify') document.getElementById('cardFalsify').classList.add('active');

      const info = explanations[type];
      document.getElementById('infoBullet').style.background = info.color;
      document.getElementById('infoContent').innerHTML = info.text;
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    }

    .panel {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .panel.left { border-color: #fecaca; background: #fffbfb; }
    .panel.right { border-color: #bbf7d0; background: #f8fdf9; }

    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 999px;
    }
    .badge.red { background: #fee2e2; color: #dc2626; }
    .badge.green { background: #dcfce7; color: #16a34a; }

    .question {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-align: center;
      min-height: 38px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    .visual-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 150px;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }

    /* Left Gauge & Visual */
    .gauge-container {
      width: 120px;
      height: 70px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .needle {
      transform-origin: 60px 60px;
      transition: transform 0.4s ease;
      transform: rotate(-45deg);
    }
    .active .needle {
      animation: wildOscillate 0.5s infinite alternate ease-in-out;
    }
    @keyframes wildOscillate {
      0% { transform: rotate(-70deg); }
      100% { transform: rotate(70deg); }
    }

    /* Right Ruler & Plant */
    .ruler-guide {
      stroke: #2563eb;
      stroke-dasharray: 3 2;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      transition: y1 0.6s ease, y2 0.6s ease;
    }
    .stem {
      transition: height 0.6s ease, y 0.6s ease;
    }
    .plant-top {
      transition: transform 0.6s ease;
    }

    /* Wave ring animations */
    .sound-wave {
      opacity: 0;
      transform-origin: 30px 40px;
    }
    .active .sound-wave {
      animation: pulseWave 1s infinite ease-out;
    }
    .active .sound-wave:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.3s; }
    .active .sound-wave:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.6s; }

    @keyframes pulseWave {
      0% { opacity: 0.8; r: 6px; }
      100% { opacity: 0; r: 24px; }
    }

    .metrics-box {
      width: 100%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 10px;
      font-size: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 3px;
    }
    .metric-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
    .val {
      font-family: ui-monospace, monospace;
      font-size: 12px;
      padding: 1px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }
    .val.red { background: #fee2e2; color: #dc2626; }
    .val.blue { background: #dbeafe; color: #1d4ed8; }
    .val.green { background: #dcfce7; color: #15803d; }

    .tagline {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-align: center;
      padding: 4px;
    }
    .tagline.red { color: #dc2626; }
    .tagline.green { color: #16a34a; }

    /* Controls */
    .btn-wrap {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    button {
      background: #2563eb;
      color: #ffffff;
      border: none;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 18px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background 0.2s;
    }
    button:active { background: #1d4ed8; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel left" id="leftPanel">
      <span class="badge red">Untestable • Subjective</span>
      <div class="question">"Do plants feel happy?"</div>

      <div class="visual-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 200 140" width="100%" height="100%">
          
          <polygon points="80,125 120,125 126,95 74,95" fill="#ca8a04" />
          <rect x="70" y="90" width="60" height="6" rx="2" fill="#a16207" />
          
          <line x1="100" y1="90" x2="100" y2="45" stroke="#16a34a" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round" />
          <path d="M 100,75 Q 80,65 78,50 Q 92,55 100,70" fill="#22c55e" />
          <path d="M 100,60 Q 120,50 122,35 Q 108,40 100,55" fill="#22c55e" />
          <circle cx="100" cy="42" r="7" fill="#fbbf24" />

          
          <g id="thoughtCloud" opacity="0.95">
            <ellipse cx="140" cy="35" rx="25" ry="18" fill="#fef2f2" stroke="#fca5a5" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <circle cx="118" cy="50" r="4" fill="#fca5a5" />
            <circle cx="112" cy="58" r="2.5" fill="#fca5a5" />
            <text x="140" y="40" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14">🎵 ❓</text>
          </g>

          
          <g transform="translate(10, 80)">
            <path d="M 10,40 A 30,30 0 0,1 70,40" fill="none" stroke="#e2e8f0" stroke-width="6" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <path d="M 10,40 A 30,30 0 0,1 70,40" fill="none" stroke="#fca5a5" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="3 3" />
            <text x="40" y="25" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#dc2626">?</text>
            <line class="needle" id="gaugeNeedle" x1="40" y1="40" x2="40" y2="15" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" style="transform-origin: 40px 40px;" />
            <circle cx="40" cy="40" r="3.5" fill="#991b1b" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="metrics-box">
        <div class="metric-row">
          <span>Variable: Emotion</span>
          <span class="val red">No Unit</span>
        </div>
        <div class="metric-row">
          <span>Sensor Reading</span>
          <span class="val red">Undefined</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="tagline red">✖ Cannot detect or measure emotion</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel right" id="rightPanel">
      <span class="badge green">Testable • Objective</span>
      <div class="question">"Does 70 dB sound increase height?"</div>

      <div class="visual-box">
        <svg viewBox="0 0 200 140" width="100%" height="100%">
          
          <g transform="translate(160, 15)">
            <rect x="0" y="0" width="16" height="110" fill="#f1f5f9" stroke="#cbd5e1" rx="2" />
            
            <line x1="0" y1="110" x2="8" y2="110" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="9" y="113" font-size="7" fill="#64748b">0</text>
            
            <line x1="0" y1="82" x2="6" y2="82" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="8" y="85" font-size="7" fill="#64748b">20</text>

            <line x1="0" y1="55" x2="8" y2="55" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="9" y="58" font-size="7" fill="#64748b">40</text>

            <line x1="0" y1="28" x2="6" y2="28" stroke="#94a3b8" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="8" y="31" font-size="7" fill="#64748b">60</text>

            <line x1="0" y1="1" x2="8" y2="1" stroke="#64748b" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="9" y="4" font-size="7" fill="#64748b">80</text>

            <text x="2" y="-4" font-size="7" font-weight="700" fill="#475569">mm</text>
          </g>

          
          
          <line class="ruler-guide" id="guideLine" x1="100" y1="63" x2="160" y2="63" />

          
          <g transform="translate(10, 30)">
            
            <path d="M 5,20 L 15,20 L 25,30 L 25,10 L 15,20 Z" fill="#2563eb" />
            <circle class="sound-wave" cx="25" cy="20" r="8" fill="none" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="2" />
            <circle class="sound-wave" cx="25" cy="20" r="14" fill="none" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="1.5" />
            <circle class="sound-wave" cx="25" cy="20" r="20" fill="none" stroke="#3b82f6" stroke-width="1" />
            <text x="16" y="42" text-anchor="middle" font-size="8" font-weight="700" fill="#2563eb" id="speakerLabel">0 dB</text>
          </g>

          
          <polygon points="80,125 120,125 126,95 74,95" fill="#ca8a04" />
          <rect x="70" y="90" width="60" height="6" rx="2" fill="#a16207" />

          
          
          <rect class="stem" id="plantStem" x="98" y="63" width="4" height="27" rx="2" fill="#16a34a" />

          
          <g class="plant-top" id="plantHead" transform="translate(0, 0)">
            <path d="M 100,66 Q 80,56 78,41 Q 92,46 100,61" fill="#22c55e" />
            <path d="M 100,63 Q 120,53 122,38 Q 108,43 100,58" fill="#22c55e" />
            <circle cx="100" cy="63" r="6" fill="#15803d" />
          </g>
        </svg>
      </div>

      <div class="metrics-box">
        <div class="metric-row">
          <span>Input (Sound)</span>
          <span class="val blue" id="inputVal">0 dB</span>
        </div>
        <div class="metric-row">
          <span>Height (Output)</span>
          <span class="val green" id="heightVal">45 mm</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="tagline green">✓ Concrete input (dB) &amp; output (mm)</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="btn-wrap">
    <button id="toggleBtn">▶ Apply 70 dB Sound Treatment</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    let active = false;

    function playTone(freq, dur = 0.25) {
      try {
        const ctx = new (window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)();
        const osc = ctx.createOscillator();
        const gain = ctx.createGain();
        osc.frequency.value = freq;
        osc.type = 'sine';
        osc.connect(gain);
        gain.connect(ctx.destination);
        gain.gain.setValueAtTime(0.15, ctx.currentTime);
        gain.gain.exponentialRampToValueAtTime(0.001, ctx.currentTime + dur);
        osc.start();
        osc.stop(ctx.currentTime + dur);
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    const btn = document.getElementById('toggleBtn');
    const leftPanel = document.getElementById('leftPanel');
    const rightPanel = document.getElementById('rightPanel');
    const plantStem = document.getElementById('plantStem');
    const plantHead = document.getElementById('plantHead');
    const guideLine = document.getElementById('guideLine');
    const inputVal = document.getElementById('inputVal');
    const heightVal = document.getElementById('heightVal');
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        btn.textContent = '↺ Reset Experiment';
        leftPanel.classList.add('active');
        rightPanel.classList.add('active');

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        plantStem.setAttribute('height', '50');
        plantHead.style.transform = 'translateY(-23px)';
        guideLine.setAttribute('y1', '40');
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        speakerLabel.textContent = '70 dB';
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        guideLine.setAttribute('y2', '63');

        inputVal.textContent = '0 dB';
        speakerLabel.textContent = '0 dB';
        heightVal.textContent = '45 mm';
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</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
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      box-sizing: border-box;
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      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
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      max-width: 580px;
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      gap: 10px;
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      width: 76%;
      border-left: 6px solid #0284c7;
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      transform: scale(1.2);
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</head>
<body>

  <div class="funnel-container">
    
    <div class="funnel-step step-1 active" id="step1" onclick="goToStep(0)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-tag">1. Broad Question</span>
        <span class="step-status">Too Vague to Test</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">Why do batteries die?</div>
    </div>

    <div class="arrow-indicator">▼ Narrowing focus...</div>

    
    <div class="funnel-step step-2" id="step2" onclick="goToStep(1)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-tag">2. Specific Question</span>
        <span class="step-status">More Focused</span>
      </div>
      <div class="step-title">Does cold weather make phone batteries drain faster?</div>
    </div>

    <div class="arrow-indicator">▼ Adding measurable variables...</div>

    
    <div class="funnel-step step-3" id="step3" onclick="goToStep(2)">
      <div class="step-header">
        <span class="step-tag" style="background:#e0f2fe; color:#0369a1;">3. Testable Question</span>
        <span class="step-status" style="color:#0284c7; font-weight:700;">Measurable &amp; Falsifiable</span>
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      <div class="step-title">
        How does <span class="badge-iv">operating temperature (0°C vs 20°C)</span> affect <span class="badge-dv">battery discharge time (min)</span>?
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="legend-bar">
      <span class="legend-pill pill-iv">
        <span>●</span> Independent Variable (What you change)
      </span>
      <span class="legend-pill pill-dv">
        <span>●</span> Dependent Variable (What you measure)
      </span>
    </div>

    
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Asking Scientific Questions from Observations

What Is Biology? Major Fields of Study

Designing Investigations to Answer Scientific Questions

Using Safety Equipment During Investigations

Distinguishing Hypotheses, Theories, and Laws

Communicating and Arguing in Biology

Developing Explanations Supported by Data

science

Biology and Scientific Inquiry

Four Biomolecule Categories: An Overview

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber

Carbohydrate Functions: Energy and Structure

Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Phospholipid Bilayer: Architecture of the Cell Membrane

Protein Structure: From Primary to Quaternary

Proteins for Structure and Transport in Cells

Enzyme Catalysis: Speeding Up Cellular Reactions

Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA, and Nucleotides

Biomolecules: The Four Macromolecules

Operationalizing Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables

Designing Controlled and Comparative Scientific Investigations

Designing Observational and Longitudinal Field Studies

Establishing Control Groups and Blinding in Experimental Design

Identifying Confounding Variables and Mitigating Experimental Bias

Developing Step-by-Step Reproducible Experimental Protocols

Conducting Laboratory Risk Assessments and Safety Protocols

Experimental Design, Hypothesis Generation, and Risk Assessment

Observación cualitativa y cuantitativa de fenómenos naturales

Identificación de patrones y anomalías en observaciones

Formulación de preguntas científicas investigables

Preguntas sobre aplicaciones de teorías científicas

Observación científica y preguntas de investigación

O que é ciência e o método científico

Formulando perguntas e hipóteses investigáveis

Variáveis em experimentos: independente, dependente e controle

Instrumentos de medição e suas incertezas

Sistema Internacional de Unidades no laboratório

Coletando e organizando dados experimentais

Planejamento e Condução de Experimentos

How Scientific Theories Evolve with New Evidence

From Plum Pudding to the Nuclear Atom: A Model Evolution Case Study

Representational Models in Science: Particles and Cells

Spatial and Scale Models in Astronomy and Microbiology

Descriptive and Analogous Models: Lock-and-Key and Circuit Analogies

Mathematical Models in Science: Equations and Proportionality

Computational Simulations and Climate Modelling

Evaluating the Limitations of Scientific Models

Testing Hypotheses Against Competing Scientific Theories

Historical Milestones in Scientific Methodology

Scientific Models and How Theories Develop

实验室安全守则与药品危险标识辨认

块状固体与金属颗粒的取用操作

粉末状固体药品的取用与药匙纸槽使用

托盘天平的结构与固体药品称量规范

较多量液体药品的倾倒操作

胶头滴管的使用与微量液体取用

量筒量取液体与视线读数误差分析

化学药品的安全取用与定量量取规范

Representando dados: tabelas e gráficos

Interpretando gráficos de resultados experimentais

Probabilidade e incerteza em resultados científicos

Comunicando resultados científicos a públicos variados

Interpretando textos de divulgação científica

Avaliando fontes confiáveis de informação científica

Segurança no laboratório: riscos e equipamentos de proteção

Análise de Dados, Comunicação e Avaliação Científica

Condensation and Hydrolysis: Building and Breaking Polymers

Testing for Biomolecules with Indicator Reagents

Analyzing Food Labels for Biomolecule Content

Connecting Biomolecule Types to Cell Structures

Water Properties and pH in Cellular Environments

Biomolecule Chemistry, Investigation, and Cellular Context

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules in Biology

Water as a Biological Solvent

pH, Acids, Bases, and Living Systems

The Four Biological Macromolecules

Monomers, Polymers, and Dehydration Synthesis

Identifying Macromolecules Using Chemical Tests

Chemistry of Life

La estructura lógica de una hipótesis científica

Hipótesis basadas en modelos celulares y genéticos

Hipótesis basadas en principios de mecánica y química

Criterios de contrastabilidad y falsación de hipótesis

Construcción y evaluación de hipótesis científicas

固体的溶解操作与玻璃棒搅拌规范

液体与液体的混合技巧及浓硫酸稀释

固液反应混合现象观察与产物收集初步

配制一定溶质质量分数的溶液实验全过程

实验废液与药品残渣的安全收集与处置

物质溶解、混合与溶液配制综合实验

Principles of Cell Theory

Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Organelles and Their Functions

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

Using Microscopes to Study Cells

Cell Size and Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio

Cell Specialization and Differentiation

Building Physical Models to Represent Phenomena

Cell Structure and Function

Transformación de preguntas cotidianas en problemas científicos

Uso del pensamiento inductivo y deductivo en ciencias

Delimitación de fenómenos en sistemas ecológicos

Síntesis de la etapa de planteamiento del problema científico

Planteamiento integrado del problema científico

Distinguishing Between Hazard and Risk in Science

Conducting a Formal Laboratory Risk Assessment

Public Perception of Risk Versus Statistical Reality

Evaluating Lifestyle Risks and Relative Risk Ratios

The Peer-Review Process in Scientific Publishing

Detecting Bias and Conflicts of Interest in Scientific Reports

Communicating Science to the Public and Media Distortions

Scientific Consensus and the Reproducibility Challenge

Analysing Historical Failures of Peer Review and Fraud

Tailoring Scientific Communication for Diverse Audiences

Risk Evaluation, Hazards and Scientific Peer Review

The Fluid Mosaic Model of Membranes

Selective Permeability and Transport

Diffusion and Osmosis in Cells

Active Transport and Bulk Transport

Homeostasis and Membrane Transport

Cell Membrane and Transport

Developing Testable Hypotheses from Scientific Theories

Identifying Independent, Dependent, and Control Variables

Fair Testing and the Importance of Control Variables

Designing Negative and Positive Experimental Controls

Selecting Range, Interval, and Sample Size in Investigations

Planning Preliminary Trials and Pilot Experiments

Writing Step-by-Step Reproducible Methods

Designing Procedures to Characterise Unknown Substances

Planning Experiments to Verify Physical Laws

Exam-Style Planning Questions: 6-Mark Investigation Design

Formulating Hypotheses and Experimental Design

Identificación de variable independiente y dependiente

Control de variables intervinientes y condiciones constantes

Diseño de grupo experimental y grupo control

Determinación de repeticiones y tamaño muestral

Diseño experimental: velocidad de reacciones químicas

Diseño experimental: estudio del movimiento acelerado

Diseño experimental: factores que afectan la fotosíntesis

Fundamentos del diseño experimental controlado

How Enzymes Speed Up Reactions

Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity

Enzyme Inhibition and Regulation

Calculating Enzyme Reaction Rates

Evaluating Enzyme Investigation Designs

Identifying Sources of Error in Investigations

Enzymes and Metabolism

Selecting Appropriate Measuring Instruments for Volume and Mass

Selecting Instruments for Length, Time, and Temperature

Electrical Test Apparatus: Meters, Power Supplies, and Components

Microscopy Techniques: Light Microscope Operation and Staining

Heating Techniques: Bunsen Burners, Water Baths, and Electric Mantles

Chemical Handling: Fume Cupboards, Acids, and Spill Management

Aseptic Techniques in Microbiological Investigations

Gas Collection Methods: Downward Displacement and Gas Syringes

Digital Sensors and Automated Datalogging in Experiments

Troubleshooting Apparatus Malfunctions and Experimental Faults

Laboratory Apparatus, Precision Tools and Safe Handling

Protocolos de seguridad y manejo de sustancias en el laboratorio

Identificación de sesgos en el diseño experimental

Estudios observacionales frente a experimentos manipulativos

Elaboración del diagrama de flujo procedimental

Evaluación y optimización de diseños experimentales

Rigor, seguridad y evaluación en la investigación empírica

Homeostasis Through Transport: Real Organism Examples

Consequences of Transport Malfunction

Designing an Osmosis Investigation

Homeostasis and Transport in Action

The Three Domains and Six Kingdoms

Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomy

Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

Using DNA to Determine Relatedness

Dichotomous Keys and Identification

Classification and Phylogeny

Evaluating Whether Data Supports or Refutes a Hypothesis

Constructing Mechanistic Scientific Explanations

Accounting for Unexpected or Contradictory Results

Identifying the Limits of Experimental Validity

Formulating New Hypotheses Based on Experimental Outcomes

Distinguishing Between Description and Explanation in Exams

Linking Biological Data to Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Linking Chemical Data to Collision Theory and Energetics

Linking Physics Data to Forces, Fields and Energy Conservation

Writing Compelling Scientific Arguments in 6-Mark Questions

Hypothesis Evaluation and Scientific Explanations

Working Scientifically in Microscopy and Scale Calculations

Working Scientifically in Osmosis Mass Change Investigations

Working Scientifically in Enzyme Rate and pH Investigations

Working Scientifically in Photosynthesis and Light Intensity Practicals

Working Scientifically in Microbial Zones of Inhibition

Working Scientifically in Making Soluble Salts

Working Scientifically in Acid-Base Neutralisation Titrations

Working Scientifically in Aqueous Electrolysis Investigations

Working Scientifically in Temperature Changes and Calorimetry

Working Scientifically in Rates of Reaction and Disappearing Cross Practicals

Working Scientifically in Biology and Chemistry Practicals

OGS.10.SEP.1

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams