<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Kachru's Three Circles of English</title>
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      background: #f8f9fa;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 100vh;
      max-height: 590px;
      padding: 10px 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .nav-tabs {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 420px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 7px 6px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: background-color 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
    }
    .tab-btn.active {
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: transparent;
    }
    .tab-btn[data-circle="inner"].active { background: #0d9488; }
    .tab-btn[data-circle="outer"].active { background: #2563eb; }
    .tab-btn[data-circle="expanding"].active { background: #1e2945; }

    .diagram-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 320px;
      aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
      position: relative;
      margin: 4px 0;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
      overflow: visible;
    }

    .ring {
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: fill-opacity 0.25s ease, stroke 0.25s ease, stroke-width 0.25s ease, filter 0.25s ease;
    }
    .ring:hover {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 6px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.25));
    }
    .ring.dimmed {
      fill-opacity: 0.35;
      stroke-opacity: 0.5;
    }

    .ring-label {
      font-weight: 800;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      pointer-events: none;
      text-anchor: middle;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      font-family: inherit;
    }
    .ring-sub {
      font-weight: 700;
      pointer-events: none;
      text-anchor: middle;
      font-family: inherit;
    }

    .info-panel {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 420px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 9px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 10px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.05);
    }
    .info-main {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2px;
      min-width: 0;
    }
    .info-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #1e2945;
      white-space: nowrap;
      overflow: hidden;
      text-overflow: ellipsis;
    }
    .info-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #475569;
      font-weight: 500;
      line-height: 1.3;
    }
    .info-role {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #0284c7;
      font-weight: 700;
      margin-top: 1px;
    }
    .info-stat {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 800;
      white-space: nowrap;
      padding: 5px 10px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    @media (max-height: 520px) {
      .diagram-wrap {
        max-width: 270px;
      }
      .tab-btn {
        padding: 5px 4px;
        font-size: 11px;
      }
      .info-panel {
        padding: 6px 10px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="nav-tabs" role="tablist" aria-label="Kachru's Circles of English">
    <button class="tab-btn active" data-circle="inner" role="tab" aria-selected="true">Inner Circle</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" data-circle="outer" role="tab" aria-selected="false">Outer Circle</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" data-circle="expanding" role="tab" aria-selected="false">Expanding Circle</button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="diagram-wrap">
    <svg viewBox="0 0 320 320" aria-label="Braj Kachru's Three Concentric Circles of English Diagram">
      <defs>
        
        <radialGradient id="grad-inner" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#2dd4bf" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#0d9488" />
        </radialGradient>
        <radialGradient id="grad-outer" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#dbeafe" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#93c5fd" />
        </radialGradient>
        <radialGradient id="grad-exp" cx="50%" cy="50%" r="50%">
          <stop offset="0%" stop-color="#f1f5f9" />
          <stop offset="100%" stop-color="#cbd5e1" />
        </radialGradient>
      </defs>

      
      <circle id="ring-expanding" class="ring" cx="160" cy="160" r="148"
              fill="url(#grad-exp)" stroke="#1e2945" stroke-width="2.5" />
      
      
      <circle id="ring-outer" class="ring" cx="160" cy="160" r="102"
              fill="url(#grad-outer)" stroke="#1d4ed8" stroke-width="2" />
      
      
      <circle id="ring-inner" class="ring" cx="160" cy="160" r="54"
              fill="url(#grad-inner)" stroke="#0f766e" stroke-width="2.5" />

      
      
      <text x="160" y="32" class="ring-label" fill="#1e2945" font-size="11">Expanding Circle</text>
      <text x="160" y="47" class="ring-sub" fill="#1e2945" font-size="10.5">>1 Billion</text>

      
      <text x="160" y="86" class="ring-label" fill="#1e2945" font-size="11">Outer Circle</text>
      <text x="160" y="100" class="ring-sub" fill="#1e2945" font-size="10.5">~300–500M</text>

      
      <text x="160" y="156" class="ring-label" fill="#ffffff" font-size="11.5">Inner Circle</text>
      <text x="160" y="171" class="ring-sub" fill="#f0fdfa" font-size="10">~380M</text>
    </svg>
  </div>

  
  <div class="info-panel" id="infoPanel">
    <div class="info-main">
      <div class="info-title" id="infoTitle">Inner Circle (Native / L1)</div>
      <div class="info-sub" id="infoSub">UK, US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand</div>
      <div class="info-role" id="infoRole">Role: Norm-Providing</div>
    </div>
    <div class="info-stat" id="infoStat" style="color: #0d9488;">~380M</div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const data = {
      inner: {
        title: "Inner Circle: Native (L1)",
        sub: "UK, US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand",
        role: "Role: Norm-Providing (Native Basis)",
        stat: "~380M",
        color: "#0d9488",
        roleColor: "#0f766e"
      },
      outer: {
        title: "Outer Circle: ESL / Official",
        sub: "India, Nigeria, Singapore, Philippines, Kenya",
        role: "Role: Norm-Developing (Institutional Role)",
        stat: "~300-500M",
        color: "#2563eb",
        roleColor: "#1d4ed8"
      },
      expanding: {
        title: "Expanding Circle: EFL / Lingua Franca",
        sub: "China, Brazil, Japan, EU, Egypt, Global",
        role: "Role: Norm-Dependent (International Comm.)",
        stat: ">1 Billion",
        color: "#1e2945",
        roleColor: "#334155"
      }
    };

    const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn');
    const rings = {
      inner: document.getElementById('ring-inner'),
      outer: document.getElementById('ring-outer'),
      expanding: document.getElementById('ring-expanding')
    };
    const titleEl = document.getElementById('infoTitle');
    const subEl = document.getElementById('infoSub');
    const roleEl = document.getElementById('infoRole');
    const statEl = document.getElementById('infoStat');

    function selectCircle(key) {
      // Update buttons
      buttons.forEach(btn => {
        const isActive = btn.dataset.circle === key;
        btn.classList.toggle('active', isActive);
        btn.setAttribute('aria-selected', isActive ? 'true' : 'false');
      });

      // Update rings dimming and highlighting
      Object.keys(rings).forEach(k => {
        const ring = rings[k];
        const isSelected = (k === key);
        ring.classList.toggle('dimmed', !isSelected);
        
        if (isSelected) {
          ring.setAttribute('stroke-width', k === 'inner' ? '3.5' : '3');
          if (k === 'inner') ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#042f2e');
          else if (k === 'outer') ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#1e3a8a');
          else ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#0f172a');
        } else {
          ring.setAttribute('stroke-width', '1.5');
          if (k === 'inner') ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#0f766e');
          else if (k === 'outer') ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#93c5fd');
          else ring.setAttribute('stroke', '#94a3b8');
        }
      });

      // Update text card
      const item = data[key];
      titleEl.textContent = item.title;
      subEl.textContent = item.sub;
      roleEl.textContent = item.role;
      roleEl.style.color = item.roleColor;
      statEl.textContent = item.stat;
      statEl.style.color = item.color;
    }

    // Attach click events
    buttons.forEach(btn => {
      btn.addEventListener('click', () => selectCircle(btn.dataset.circle));
    });

    Object.entries(rings).forEach(([key, el]) => {
      el.addEventListener('click', () => selectCircle(key));
    });

    // Initialize state
    selectCircle('inner');
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Understanding English as a Global Lingua Franca

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Global English Speakers Proportion</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .diagram-root {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 14px;
    }
    /* Proportion Bar */
    .ratio-bar-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 4px;
    }
    .ratio-bar {
      height: 14px;
      width: 100%;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 999px;
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
    }
    .segment-native {
      width: 25%;
      background: #94a3b8;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }
    .segment-global {
      width: 75%;
      background: #22b7ff;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }
    .ratio-labels {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
    }
    .ratio-labels .highlight {
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    /* Cards Grid */
    .cards-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr;
      gap: 12px;
      align-items: stretch;
    }
    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .cards-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .stat-card {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 14px;
      padding: 14px 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
    }
    .stat-card.featured {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border-color: #22b7ff;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 14px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.15);
    }

    .avatars {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 48px;
    }
    .avatar-icon {
      width: 38px;
      height: 38px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 20px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
    }
    .stat-card.featured .avatar-icon {
      background: #22b7ff;
      color: #ffffff;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.3);
    }

    .metric-number {
      font-size: 20px;
      font-weight: 800;
      line-height: 1.1;
      color: #1e2945;
    }
    .stat-card.featured .metric-number {
      font-size: 24px;
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .metric-label {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
    }
    .stat-card.featured .metric-label {
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    .badge-pill {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 999px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
    }
    .stat-card.featured .badge-pill {
      background: #bae6fd;
      color: #0369a1;
    }

    /* Key Insight Box */
    .insight-badge {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px 16px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 10px;
      text-align: center;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.35;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(30, 41, 69, 0.12);
    }
    .insight-icon {
      font-size: 20px;
      color: #22b7ff;
      flex-shrink: 0;
    }

    /* Interactive toggle */
    .toggle-row {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .mode-btn {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }
    .mode-btn.active {
      background: #22b7ff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .pulse {
      animation: pulse-glow 2s infinite ease-in-out;
    }
    @keyframes pulse-glow {
      0%, 100% { transform: scale(1); }
      50% { transform: scale(1.05); }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram-root">
    
    <div class="ratio-bar-wrap">
      <div class="ratio-labels">
        <span>1 Native (25%)</span>
        <span class="highlight">3 Global Bridge (75%)</span>
      </div>
      <div class="ratio-bar">
        <div class="segment-native" id="barNative"></div>
        <div class="segment-global" id="barGlobal"></div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="cards-grid">
      
      <div class="stat-card" id="cardNative">
        <div class="avatars">
          <div class="avatar-icon">👤</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <div class="metric-number">~400M</div>
          <div class="metric-label">Native Speakers</div>
        </div>
        <div class="badge-pill">1 in 4 (25%)</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="stat-card featured pulse" id="cardGlobal">
        <div class="avatars">
          <div class="avatar-icon">👤</div>
          <div class="avatar-icon">👤</div>
          <div class="avatar-icon">👤</div>
        </div>
        <div>
          <div class="metric-number">~1.1 Billion</div>
          <div class="metric-label">Global & Bridge Speakers</div>
        </div>
        <div class="badge-pill">3 in 4 (75%)</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="insight-badge" id="insightBox">
      <span class="insight-icon">💬</span>
      <span id="insightText">Most English conversations happen entirely between non-native speakers!</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="toggle-row">
      <button class="mode-btn active" id="btnRatio" onclick="setMode('ratio')">📊 1 : 3 Ratio</button>
      <button class="mode-btn" id="btnFlight" onclick="setMode('flight')">✈️ Flight Example (🇧🇷 ↔ 🇯🇵)</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setMode(mode) {
      const btnRatio = document.getElementById('btnRatio');
      const btnFlight = document.getElementById('btnFlight');
      const cardGlobal = document.getElementById('cardGlobal');
      const cardNative = document.getElementById('cardNative');
      const insightText = document.getElementById('insightText');

      if (mode === 'flight') {
        btnFlight.classList.add('active');
        btnRatio.classList.remove('active');
        cardNative.style.opacity = '0.45';
        cardGlobal.style.opacity = '1';
        insightText.innerHTML = "Brazil Pilot 🇧🇷 ✈️ radios Tokyo Tower 🇯🇵 in English — no native speakers involved!";
      } else {
        btnRatio.classList.add('active');
        btnFlight.classList.remove('active');
        cardNative.style.opacity = '1';
        cardGlobal.style.opacity = '1';
        insightText.innerHTML = "Most English conversations happen entirely between non-native speakers!";
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Regional vs. Global Lingua Francas</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-start;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .main-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 680px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .comparison-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .comparison-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
    }
    .bridge-section {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 10px 8px 6px 8px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .header-badge {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 12px;
      border-radius: 16px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 5px;
      letter-spacing: 0.2px;
      margin-bottom: 4px;
    }
    .badge-regional {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #92400e;
    }
    .badge-global {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
    }
    .canvas-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 200px;
      position: relative;
    }
    svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
    }
    .node-group {
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
    }
    .node-group:hover circle.node-bg {
      stroke-width: 2.5px;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 2px 4px rgba(30,41,69,0.15));
    }
    .node-icon {
      font-size: 14px;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
      user-select: none;
    }
    .node-label-title {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 700;
      fill: #1e2945;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: auto;
    }
    .node-label-sub {
      font-size: 8px;
      font-weight: 500;
      fill: #64748b;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: auto;
    }
    .hub-label-icon {
      font-size: 13px;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
    }
    .hub-label-title {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 800;
      fill: #ffffff;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
    }
    .line-flow {
      stroke-dasharray: 4, 4;
      animation: dash 5s linear infinite;
    }
    @keyframes dash {
      to {
        stroke-dashoffset: -24;
      }
    }
    .pulse-circle {
      animation: pulse 4s ease-in-out infinite;
    }
    @keyframes pulse {
      0%, 100% { transform: scale(1); opacity: 0.3; }
      50% { transform: scale(1.12); opacity: 0.1; }
    }
    .scope-tag {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 2px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .info-bar {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 11px;
      line-height: 1.4;
      color: #334155;
      text-align: center;
      min-height: 32px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .info-bar strong {
      color: #0f172a;
      margin-right: 4px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-container">
    <div class="comparison-grid">
      
      <div class="bridge-section">
        <div class="header-badge badge-regional">
          <span>📍</span> Regional Bridge: Swahili
        </div>

        <div class="canvas-box">
          <svg viewBox="0 0 280 200">
            
            <path d="M 60,30 Q 150,15 210,40 Q 240,110 200,165 Q 120,185 50,150 Q 20,80 60,30 Z" 
                  fill="#fef9c3" stroke="#fde047" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="3,3" opacity="0.65"/>

            
            <line x1="60" y1="52" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>
            <line x1="220" y1="52" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>
            <line x1="140" y1="152" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>

            
            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Kikuyu', 'Bantu language spoken primarily in Kenya; speakers use Swahili for regional trade and public communication.')">
              <circle cx="60" cy="52" r="17" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="60" y="52" class="node-icon">🗣️</text>
              <text x="60" y="78" class="node-label-title">Kikuyu</text>
              <text x="60" y="88" class="node-label-sub">Kenya</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Luo', 'Nilotic language of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; Swahili bridges communication across distinct language families.')">
              <circle cx="220" cy="52" r="17" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="220" y="52" class="node-icon">🗣️</text>
              <text x="220" y="78" class="node-label-title">Luo</text>
              <text x="220" y="88" class="node-label-sub">Kenya / Uganda</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Sukuma', 'Largest ethnic group in Tanzania; Swahili enables nation-wide and cross-border connectivity.')">
              <circle cx="140" cy="152" r="17" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="140" y="152" class="node-icon">🗣️</text>
              <text x="140" y="178" class="node-label-title">Sukuma</text>
              <text x="140" y="188" class="node-label-sub">Tanzania</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Swahili Hub', 'Swahili acts as a common regional tongue across East Africa, uniting speakers of hundreds of diverse local languages.')" transform="translate(140, 100)">
              <circle r="30" fill="#f59e0b" class="pulse-circle" style="transform-origin: 0px 0px;"/>
              <circle r="23" fill="#d97706"/>
              <text y="-5" class="hub-label-icon">🇰🇪 🇹🇿</text>
              <text y="9" class="hub-label-title">Swahili</text>
            </g>
          </svg>
        </div>

        <div class="scope-tag">Region: East Africa</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="bridge-section">
        <div class="header-badge badge-global">
          <span>🌐</span> Global Bridge: English
        </div>

        <div class="canvas-box">
          <svg viewBox="0 0 280 200">
            
            <ellipse cx="140" cy="100" rx="90" ry="60" fill="#f0f9ff" stroke="#bae6fd" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-dasharray="3,3"/>

            
            <line x1="50" y1="46" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>
            <line x1="230" y1="46" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>
            <line x1="50" y1="150" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>
            <line x1="230" y1="150" x2="140" y2="100" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="2" class="line-flow"/>

            
            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Aviation (Pilots)', 'Aviation standardizes on English worldwide for air traffic control safety across the Americas and globally.')">
              <circle cx="50" cy="46" r="16" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="50" y="46" class="node-icon">✈️</text>
              <text x="50" y="71" class="node-label-title">Pilots</text>
              <text x="50" y="80" class="node-label-sub">Americas</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Science & Academia', 'Scientists publish research papers in English to collaborate with international peers across Europe and beyond.')">
              <circle cx="230" cy="46" r="16" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="230" y="46" class="node-icon">🔬</text>
              <text x="230" y="71" class="node-label-title">Scientists</text>
              <text x="230" y="80" class="node-label-sub">Europe</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('International Diplomacy', 'Diplomats at the UN and African Union use English as a shared working language for treaties and negotiations.')">
              <circle cx="50" cy="150" r="16" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="50" y="150" class="node-icon">🤝</text>
              <text x="50" y="175" class="node-label-title">Diplomats</text>
              <text x="50" y="184" class="node-label-sub">Africa</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('Digital & Esports', 'Gamers and online communities worldwide communicate in English during real-time multiplayer matches.')">
              <circle cx="230" cy="150" r="16" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#0284c7" stroke-width="1.5" class="node-bg"/>
              <text x="230" y="150" class="node-icon">🎮</text>
              <text x="230" y="175" class="node-label-title">Gamers</text>
              <text x="230" y="184" class="node-label-sub">Asia</text>
            </g>

            
            <g class="node-group" onclick="showInfo('English Global Hub', 'English serves as the world’s leading global lingua franca across science, aviation, commerce, and the internet.')" transform="translate(140, 100)">
              <circle r="30" fill="#38bdf8" class="pulse-circle" style="transform-origin: 0px 0px;"/>
              <circle r="23" fill="#0284c7"/>
              <text y="-5" class="hub-label-icon">🌍</text>
              <text y="9" class="hub-label-title">English</text>
            </g>
          </svg>
        </div>

        <div class="scope-tag">Scope: Worldwide</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div id="infoBar" class="info-bar">
      <span>💡 Tap any community or bridge hub to learn how lingua francas enable shared communication.</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function showInfo(title, desc) {
      const bar = document.getElementById('infoBar');
      bar.innerHTML = `<span><strong>${title}:</strong> ${desc}</span>`;
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Lingua Franca - Language Bridge Diagram</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      user-select: none;
      -webkit-user-select: none;
    }

    body {
      background-color: #f8f9fa;
      color: #1e2945;
      width: 100%;
      min-height: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 16px;
      overflow-x: hidden;
    }

    /* Interactive Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      gap: 10px;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
      z-index: 10;
    }

    .btn {
      padding: 8px 16px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      border-radius: 24px;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #475569;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: background-color 0.25s ease, color 0.25s ease, border-color 0.25s ease, box-shadow 0.25s ease;
    }

    .btn:hover {
      border-color: #0284c7;
      color: #0284c7;
    }

    .btn.active {
      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #0284c7;
      box-shadow: 0 3px 10px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.25);
    }

    /* Diagram Canvas */
    .stage-container {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      position: relative;
    }

    .stage {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      height: 360px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .connections-svg {
      position: absolute;
      top: 0;
      left: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      z-index: 1;
      pointer-events: none;
    }

    /* SVG Connecting Lines - Ensuring fill is completely none to avoid black artifacts */
    .connections-svg path,
    .connections-svg line {
      fill: none;
    }

    .flow-line {
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 3;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-dasharray: 6 8;
      animation: flowSmooth 2s linear infinite;
      transition: stroke 0.4s ease, opacity 0.4s ease;
      filter: drop-shadow(0 0 3px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.4));
    }

    .direct-line {
      stroke: #ef4444;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      stroke-dasharray: 5 6;
      opacity: 0;
      transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
    }

    .direct-cross {
      stroke: #ef4444;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      opacity: 0;
      transition: opacity 0.4s ease;
    }

    .stage.mode-direct .flow-line {
      opacity: 0.1;
      animation: none;
      filter: none;
    }

    .stage.mode-direct .direct-line {
      opacity: 0.85;
      animation: flowDirect 2.5s linear infinite;
    }

    .stage.mode-direct .direct-cross {
      opacity: 0.85;
    }

    @keyframes flowSmooth {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 28; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
    }

    @keyframes flowDirect {
      from { stroke-dashoffset: 0; }
      to { stroke-dashoffset: 22; }
    }

    /* Character Avatar Nodes */
    .avatar-node {
      position: absolute;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      z-index: 3;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      text-align: center;
      width: 140px;
    }

    .avatar-bubble {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #0d9488;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 3px 10px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f766e;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      margin-bottom: 5px;
      white-space: nowrap;
      transition: border-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;
    }

    .avatar-icon {
      width: 48px;
      height: 48px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #cbd5e1;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 24px;
      box-shadow: 0 3px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    }

    .avatar-label {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1e2945;
      margin-top: 5px;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .avatar-sub {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    /* Node Placements (Semi-circle distribution) */
    .node-left {
      top: 24%;
      left: 17%;
    }

    .node-top {
      top: 15%;
      left: 50%;
    }

    .node-right {
      top: 24%;
      left: 83%;
    }

    /* Central Bridge Node */
    .hub-node {
      position: absolute;
      left: 50%;
      top: 76%;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      z-index: 4;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 2px solid #0284c7;
      border-radius: 18px;
      padding: 12px 22px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(2, 132, 199, 0.18);
      transition: border-color 0.4s ease, opacity 0.4s ease, box-shadow 0.4s ease;
      min-width: 250px;
    }

    .hub-title {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #0284c7;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .hub-badge {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      padding: 2px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      margin: 4px 0;
      display: inline-block;
    }

    .hub-status {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #0d9488;
      margin-top: 4px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 5px;
      transition: color 0.3s ease;
    }

    /* Direct Mode State */
    .stage.mode-direct .hub-node {
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
      opacity: 0.45;
      box-shadow: none;
    }

    .stage.mode-direct .hub-status {
      color: #ef4444;
    }

    @media (max-width: 420px) {
      .avatar-node {
        width: 110px;
      }
      .node-left {
        left: 15%;
      }
      .node-right {
        left: 85%;
      }
      .avatar-bubble {
        font-size: 11px;
        padding: 2px 6px;
      }
      .avatar-icon {
        width: 40px;
        height: 40px;
        font-size: 20px;
      }
      .avatar-label {
        font-size: 11px;
      }
      .avatar-sub {
        font-size: 10px;
      }
      .hub-node {
        min-width: 220px;
        padding: 10px 16px;
      }
      .hub-title {
        font-size: 13px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="controls">
    <button id="btnBridge" class="btn active" onclick="setMode('bridge')">
      <span>✦</span> English as Bridge
    </button>
    <button id="btnDirect" class="btn" onclick="setMode('direct')">
      <span>✕</span> Without Bridge
    </button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="stage-container">
    <div id="stage" class="stage">
      <svg class="connections-svg" viewBox="0 0 540 360">
        
        <g class="direct-lines">
          <line class="direct-line" x1="92" y1="125" x2="270" y2="90" />
          <line class="direct-line" x1="270" y1="90" x2="448" y2="125" />
          <line class="direct-line" x1="92" y1="125" x2="448" y2="125" />
          
          
          <g class="direct-cross">
            <line x1="175" y1="102" x2="187" y2="114" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <line x1="187" y1="102" x2="175" y2="114" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            
            <line x1="353" y1="102" x2="365" y2="114" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <line x1="365" y1="102" x2="353" y2="114" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            
            <line x1="264" y1="119" x2="276" y2="131" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
            <line x1="276" y1="119" x2="264" y2="131" stroke="#ef4444" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-linecap="round" />
          </g>
        </g>

        
        <g class="bridge-lines">
          
          <path class="flow-line" fill="none" d="M 92,125 C 100,210 180,245 200,248" />
          
          <path class="flow-line" fill="none" d="M 270,95 L 270,230" />
          
          <path class="flow-line" fill="none" d="M 448,125 C 440,210 360,245 340,248" />
        </g>
      </svg>

      
      <div class="avatar-node node-left">
        <div class="avatar-bubble" id="b1">Olá</div>
        <div class="avatar-icon">👩🏽‍✈️</div>
        <div class="avatar-label">Speaker A</div>
        <div class="avatar-sub">Native Portuguese</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="avatar-node node-top">
        <div class="avatar-bubble" id="b2">こんにちは</div>
        <div class="avatar-icon">👨🏻‍💼</div>
        <div class="avatar-label">Speaker B</div>
        <div class="avatar-sub">Native Japanese</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="avatar-node node-right">
        <div class="avatar-bubble" id="b3">مرحبا</div>
        <div class="avatar-icon">👩🏾‍🔧</div>
        <div class="avatar-label">Speaker C</div>
        <div class="avatar-sub">Native Arabic</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="hub-node" id="hubNode">
        <div class="hub-title">
          <span>🌐</span> English: The Bridge
        </div>
        <div class="hub-badge">Lingua Franca</div>
        <div class="hub-status" id="hubStatus">
          <span>✓</span> Clear mutual communication!
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setMode(mode) {
      const stage = document.getElementById('stage');
      const btnBridge = document.getElementById('btnBridge');
      const btnDirect = document.getElementById('btnDirect');
      const hubStatus = document.getElementById('hubStatus');
      const b1 = document.getElementById('b1');
      const b2 = document.getElementById('b2');
      const b3 = document.getElementById('b3');

      if (mode === 'bridge') {
        stage.classList.remove('mode-direct');
        btnBridge.classList.add('active');
        btnDirect.classList.remove('active');
        hubStatus.innerHTML = '<span>✓</span> Clear mutual communication!';
        b1.style.borderColor = '#0d9488';
        b1.style.color = '#0f766e';
        b2.style.borderColor = '#0d9488';
        b2.style.color = '#0f766e';
        b3.style.borderColor = '#0d9488';
        b3.style.color = '#0f766e';
      } else {
        stage.classList.add('mode-direct');
        btnDirect.classList.add('active');
        btnBridge.classList.remove('active');
        hubStatus.innerHTML = '<span>✕</span> Language barrier / Confusion';
        b1.style.borderColor = '#ef4444';
        b1.style.color = '#b91c1c';
        b2.style.borderColor = '#ef4444';
        b2.style.color = '#b91c1c';
        b3.style.borderColor = '#ef4444';
        b3.style.color = '#b91c1c';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

OGE.7.IC.1

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams