<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 14px 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 16px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .main-breakdown {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 10px;
      padding-top: 4px;
    }

    /* Word Breakdown Row */
    .title-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: baseline;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 22px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.2px;
    }

    .word {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: baseline;
      position: relative;
    }

    .cap-box {
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.15);
      border: 1.5px solid #22b7ff;
      color: #0077b6;
      border-radius: 4px;
      padding: 0 4px;
      box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.35);
    }

    .lower-box {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1.5px dashed #94a3b8;
      color: #64748b;
      border-radius: 4px;
      padding: 0 5px;
      font-weight: 500;
      font-size: 19px;
    }

    /* Callout Pointers */
    .labels-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.6fr;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
    }

    .tag-card {
      padding: 6px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.3;
      text-align: center;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 2px;
    }

    .tag-lower {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .tag-cap {
      background: #f0f9ff;
      border: 1px solid #7dd3fc;
      color: #0369a1;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.15);
    }

    .arrow {
      font-size: 11px;
      opacity: 0.8;
    }

    /* Example Section */
    .examples-container {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 440px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    .example-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      font-size: 16px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .ex-words {
      display: flex;
      align-items: baseline;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .rule-pill {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0284c7;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .dim-article {
      color: #64748b;
      font-weight: 500;
      font-size: 15px;
    }

    .cap-letter {
      color: #0284c7;
      background: rgba(34, 183, 255, 0.18);
      border-radius: 3px;
      padding: 0 2px;
      border-bottom: 2px solid #0284c7;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="main-breakdown">
    <div class="title-row">
      <span class="lower-box">the</span>
      <span class="word"><span class="cap-box">A</span>merican</span>
      <span class="word"><span class="cap-box">R</span>evolution</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="labels-grid">
      <div class="tag-card tag-lower">
        <span class="arrow">▲</span>
        <span>Lowercase article</span>
      </div>
      <div class="tag-card tag-cap">
        <span class="arrow">▲ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ▲</span>
        <span>Capitalize proper words</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="examples-container">
    <div class="example-row">
      <div class="ex-words">
        <span><span class="cap-letter">W</span>orld</span>
        <span><span class="cap-letter">W</span>ar</span>
        <span class="cap-letter">II</span>
      </div>
      <span class="rule-pill">Historical Era</span>
    </div>

    <div class="example-row">
      <div class="ex-words">
        <span class="dim-article">the</span>
        <span><span class="cap-letter">B</span>oston</span>
        <span><span class="cap-letter">T</span>ea</span>
        <span><span class="cap-letter">P</span>arty</span>
      </div>
      <span class="rule-pill">Historical Event</span>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Capitalizing Historical Periods and Events

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .header-title {
      font-size: 18px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-align: center;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
      color: #0f172a;
      letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    }

    .columns {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .columns {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
    }

    .column {
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease;
    }

    .column-lower {
      background: #fff5f5;
      border: 1.5px solid #fecaca;
    }

    .column-upper {
      background: #f0fdf4;
      border: 1.5px solid #bbf7d0;
    }

    .col-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding-bottom: 6px;
      border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    }

    .badge {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
      padding: 3px 8px;
      border-radius: 20px;
    }

    .badge-lower {
      background: #ef4444;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .badge-upper {
      background: #16a34a;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .col-subtitle {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .item-list {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .item-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 8px 12px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #334155;
      border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    }

    .item-lower {
      border-left: 3.5px solid #f87171;
    }

    .item-upper {
      border-left: 3.5px solid #34d399;
    }

    .highlight-lower {
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #dc2626;
      text-decoration: underline;
      text-decoration-thickness: 1.5px;
      text-underline-offset: 3px;
    }

    .highlight-upper {
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #15803d;
      background: #dcfce7;
      padding: 0 3px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .tag-rule {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-family: monospace;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-title">The Century Rule</div>

  <div class="columns">
    
    <div class="column column-lower">
      <div class="col-header">
        <span class="badge badge-lower">Lowercase</span>
        <span class="col-subtitle">Numbered / General</span>
      </div>

      <div class="item-list">
        <div class="item-row item-lower">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-lower">t</span>wentieth <span class="highlight-lower">c</span>entury</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">100 yrs</span>
        </div>
        <div class="item-row item-lower">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-lower">1</span>800s</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">decade</span>
        </div>
        <div class="item-row item-lower">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-lower">f</span>ifth <span class="highlight-lower">c</span>entury BCE</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">number</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column column-upper">
      <div class="col-header">
        <span class="badge badge-upper">Capitalize</span>
        <span class="col-subtitle">Named Eras</span>
      </div>

      <div class="item-list">
        <div class="item-row item-upper">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-upper">R</span>oaring <span class="highlight-upper">T</span>wenties</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">Proper</span>
        </div>
        <div class="item-row item-upper">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-upper">M</span>iddle <span class="highlight-upper">A</span>ges</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">Proper</span>
        </div>
        <div class="item-row item-upper">
          <span>the <span class="highlight-upper">V</span>ictorian <span class="highlight-upper">E</span>ra</span>
          <span class="tag-rule">Proper</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #f8f9fa;
      padding: 16px;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }
    .comparison-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 16px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .comparison-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 14px;
      }
    }
    .column {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }
    .header-badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      width: fit-content;
    }
    .header-badge.official {
      background: #e6f7ec;
      color: #15803d;
      border: 1px solid #bbf7d0;
    }
    .header-badge.general {
      background: #eef2f6;
      color: #475569;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
    }
    .pill-list {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .pill {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px 14px;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 500;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
    }
    .pill.official {
      border-left: 4px solid #22b7ff;
    }
    .pill.general {
      border-left: 4px solid #94a3b8;
      color: #64748b;
    }
    .cap {
      color: #0284c7;
      background: #e0f2fe;
      font-weight: 800;
      padding: 1px 4px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      margin: 0 1px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="comparison-grid">
    
    <div class="column">
      <div class="header-badge official">
        <span>✓</span>
        <span>Capitalize Official Eras</span>
      </div>
      <div class="pill-list">
        <div class="pill official">the <span class="cap">B</span>ronze <span class="cap">A</span>ge</div>
        <div class="pill official">the <span class="cap">M</span>iddle <span class="cap">A</span>ges</div>
        <div class="pill official">the <span class="cap">R</span>enaissance</div>
        <div class="pill official">the <span class="cap">I</span>ce <span class="cap">A</span>ge</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column">
      <div class="header-badge general">
        <span>—</span>
        <span>Lowercase General Time</span>
      </div>
      <div class="pill-list">
        <div class="pill general">ancient times</div>
        <div class="pill general">medieval days</div>
        <div class="pill general">prehistoric years</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</body>
</html>

Identifying Complete Subjects and Predicates

Forming Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates

Joining Independent Clauses into Compound Sentences

Subordinating Conjunctions of Time and Sequence

Subordinating Conjunctions of Condition and Causality

Punctuating Introductory and Ending Dependent Clauses

Identifying and Repairing Sentence Fragments

Correcting Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices

Synthesizing Varied Sentence Structures in Paragraphs

Sentence Architecture: Clauses, Conjunctions, and Sentence Boundaries

Capitalizing Historical Documents and Treaties

Capitalizing Languages, Races, and Nationalities

Punctuating Titles of Works With Underlining, Quotation Marks, and Italics

Using Apostrophes for Singular and Plural Possessives

Punctuating Introductory and Concluding Dialogue Tags

Punctuating Divided and Interrupted Quotations

Placing Terminal Punctuation Within Quotation Marks

Capitalization, Mechanics, and Dialogue Punctuation

Recognising Quoted (Direct) Speech in Texts

Recognising Reported (Indirect) Speech in Texts

Converting Between Direct and Indirect Speech

Using Commas and Quotation Marks in Dialogue

Using Capital Letters Correctly in Dialogue

Using Boundary Punctuation in Dialogue

Direct and Indirect Speech

Using Correct Capitalization in Your Writing

Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Titles of Works

Using Commas and Quotation Marks for Direct Speech

Using Quotation Marks for Quotations From a Text

Using a Comma Before And, But, Or, So, and Yet in Compound Sentences

Practicing Compound Sentence Punctuation

Spelling Grade-Level Words Correctly

Checking Spelling Using Dictionaries and Other References

Spelling Commonly Confused Word Pairs Correctly

Language: Capitalization, Punctuation, and Spelling

Choosing Words That Express Your Ideas Precisely

Choosing Precise Verbs and Adjectives Instead of Vague Ones

Choosing Punctuation to Create an Effect on the Reader

Knowing When to Use Formal and Informal English

Using Definitions Embedded in the Text as Context Clues

Using Examples in the Text as Context Clues

Using Restatements in the Text as Context Clues

Combining Multiple Context Clue Strategies to Unlock Word Meaning

Language: Word Choice, Punctuation for Effect, and Context Clues

Capitalizing Historical Documents

Capitalizing Titles of Books, Stories, and Essays

Reviewing Advanced Capitalization Rules

Advanced Capitalization Rules

Using Apostrophes in Singular Possessives

Using Apostrophes in Plural Possessives

Using Commas in Compound Sentences

Using Quotation Marks in Dialogue

Editing for Multiple Punctuation Rules Together

Spelling Words With Grade-Appropriate Orthographic Patterns

Spelling High-Frequency Words Correctly in Your Writing

Advanced Punctuation & Spelling

OGE.5.L.4

OGE.5.L.4

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams