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<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
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      background: #e0f2fe;
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  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="tree-container">
    
    <div class="node top-node" id="node-var" onclick="selectItem('var')">
      <div class="symbol">(ING)</div>
      <div class="label">Linguistic Variable</div>
      <div class="sublabel">Dependent Variable</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="branches">
      <svg viewBox="0 0 100 48" preserveAspectRatio="none">
        <path id="line-left" class="branch-line" d="M 50 0 L 25 48" />
        <path id="line-right" class="branch-line" d="M 50 0 L 75 48" />
      </svg>
    </div>

    
    <div class="variants-row">
      <div class="node variant-node" id="node-velar" onclick="selectItem('velar')">
        <div class="symbol">[ɪŋ]</div>
        <div class="label">Velar Variant</div>
        <div class="sublabel">e.g., walking</div>
      </div>

      <div class="node variant-node" id="node-alveolar" onclick="selectItem('alveolar')">
        <div class="symbol">[ən]</div>
        <div class="label">Alveolar Variant</div>
        <div class="sublabel">e.g., walkin'</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="key-panel">
    <div class="key-item" id="key-paren" onclick="selectItem('paren')">
      <span class="key-notation">( )</span>
      <span class="key-desc">Abstract<br>Variable</span>
    </div>
    <div class="key-item" id="key-brack" onclick="selectItem('brack')">
      <span class="key-notation">[ ]</span>
      <span class="key-desc">Surface<br>Variants</span>
    </div>
    <div class="key-item" id="key-slash" onclick="selectItem('slash')">
      <span class="key-notation">/ /</span>
      <span class="key-desc">Underlying<br>Phonemes</span>
    </div>
  </div>

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</body>
</html>

Formulating Linguistic Hypotheses and Operationalizing Variables

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
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    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    .header-bar {
      text-align: center;
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      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: -0.2px;
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    }
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      font-size: 12px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-top: 2px;
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      gap: 8px;
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      display: flex;
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      gap: 6px;
      padding-bottom: 4px;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9;
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      font-size: 14px;
      line-height: 1;
    }

    .col-name {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .internal-head { color: #0284c7; }
    .external-head { color: #7c3aed; }

    .tag-list {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .factor-btn {
      appearance: none;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 6px;
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      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2px;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
      color: inherit;
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      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
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      background: #ffffff;
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      border-color: transparent;
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      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #7c3aed;
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    .factor-title {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: center;
    }

    .factor-detail {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    .factor-badge {
      font-size: 9px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 1px 4px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      background: #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
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      background: #0284c7;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    .active.external-btn .factor-badge {
      background: #7c3aed;
      color: #ffffff;
    }

    /* Live Preview Inspector */
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      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 8px 12px;
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      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 8px;
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    .preview-left {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2px;
    }

    .preview-label {
      font-size: 10px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      color: #64748b;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
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      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
    }

    .preview-contrast {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 4px 8px;
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      border: 1px solid #f1f5f9;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
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    .contrast-arrow { color: #94a3b8; font-size: 10px; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="header-bar">
    <div class="header-title">Types of Independent Variables</div>
    <div class="header-sub">Tap any factor to inspect linguistic variation</div>
  </div>

  <div class="columns-grid">
    
    <div class="col-card">
      <div class="col-header">
        <span class="col-icon">🧬</span>
        <span class="col-name internal-head">Internal Linguistic</span>
      </div>
      <div class="tag-list">
        <button class="factor-btn active" data-type="internal" data-factor="Grammar" data-a="Verb (running)" data-b="Noun (ceiling)" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Grammatical Class</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Verb / Noun</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Part of speech context</div>
        </button>

        <button class="factor-btn" data-type="internal" data-factor="Sound Environment" data-a="Before Vowel (...in' all)" data-b="Before Consonant (...in' fast)" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Following Sound</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Vowel / Consonant</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Next phonological unit</div>
        </button>

        <button class="factor-btn" data-type="internal" data-factor="Stress Pattern" data-a="Stressed Syllable" data-b="Unstressed Syllable" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Syllable Stress</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Metric Beat</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Rhythmic prominence</div>
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="col-card">
      <div class="col-header">
        <span class="col-icon">👥</span>
        <span class="col-name external-head">External Sociolinguistic</span>
      </div>
      <div class="tag-list">
        <button class="factor-btn external-btn" data-type="external" data-factor="Register" data-a="Formal (Interview: -ing)" data-b="Casual (Friends: -in')" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Formality / Register</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Context</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Social setting & style</div>
        </button>

        <button class="factor-btn external-btn" data-type="external" data-factor="Age Group" data-a="Younger Cohort" data-b="Older Cohort" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Speaker Age</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Demographics</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Generational variation</div>
        </button>

        <button class="factor-btn external-btn" data-type="external" data-factor="Social Class" data-a="Higher Prestige" data-b="Working Class" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Socioeconomic Status</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Class</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Stratification impact</div>
        </button>

        <button class="factor-btn external-btn" data-type="external" data-factor="Dialect" data-a="Regional Dialect A" data-b="Regional Dialect B" onclick="selectFactor(this)">
          <div class="factor-title">
            <span>Regional Dialect</span>
            <span class="factor-badge">Geography</span>
          </div>
          <div class="factor-detail">Geographic community</div>
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  
  <div class="preview-box">
    <div class="preview-left">
      <div class="preview-label" id="factorCat">Internal Linguistic Factor</div>
      <div class="preview-val" id="factorName">Grammar Class</div>
    </div>
    <div class="preview-contrast">
      <span class="contrast-a" id="valA">Verb (running)</span>
      <span class="contrast-arrow">vs</span>
      <span class="contrast-b" id="valB">Noun (ceiling)</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
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      btn.classList.add('active');

      const isExternal = btn.dataset.type === 'external';
      const catEl = document.getElementById('factorCat');
      const nameEl = document.getElementById('factorName');
      const valAEl = document.getElementById('valA');
      const valBEl = document.getElementById('valB');

      catEl.textContent = isExternal ? 'External Sociolinguistic Factor' : 'Internal Linguistic Factor';
      catEl.style.color = isExternal ? '#7c3aed' : '#0284c7';
      nameEl.textContent = btn.dataset.factor;
      valAEl.textContent = btn.dataset.a;
      valBEl.textContent = btn.dataset.b;
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif; }
    body { padding: 12px; color: #1e2945; background: #fff; }
    
    .nav {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }
    .tab-btn {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 8px 4px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #64748b;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      cursor: pointer;
      text-align: center;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }
    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      border-color: #38bdf8;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
    }

    .stage-container {
      position: relative;
      min-height: 290px;
    }
    
    .panel {
      position: absolute;
      inset: 0;
      opacity: 0;
      pointer-events: none;
      transition: opacity 0.25s ease;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }
    .panel.active {
      opacity: 1;
      pointer-events: auto;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Section 1: RQ */
    .rq-box {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px 14px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 12px;
    }
    .badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }
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    .b-purple { background: #f3e8ff; color: #7e22ce; }
    .b-emerald { background: #d1fae5; color: #047857; }
    .b-amber { background: #fef3c7; color: #b45309; }

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      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
      background: #f8fafc;
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      text-align: center;
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      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 10px 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }
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      font-size: 20px;
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-weight: bold;
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    /* Section 2: Hypotheses */
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      justify-content: space-around;
      padding: 8px 6px 4px;
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      width: 40%;
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      border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;
      transition: height 0.3s ease;
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</head>
<body>

  <div class="nav">
    <button class="tab-btn active" onclick="setStep(0)">1. Research Question</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setStep(1)">2. Hypotheses</button>
    <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setStep(2)">3. Variables</button>
  </div>

  <div class="stage-container">
    
    
    <div class="panel active" id="p0">
      <div class="rq-box">
        <span class="badge b-blue">Core RQ</span>
        <div style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.3;">
          Does genre formality predict the retention of objective <i>whom</i>?
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="rq-flow">
        <div class="flow-card">
          <div style="color: #64748b; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 2px;">PREDICTOR</div>
          Genre Formality
          <div style="font-size: 11px; color: #0284c7; margin-top: 2px;">Academic ➔ Social</div>
        </div>
        <div class="flow-arrow">➔</div>
        <div class="flow-card">
          <div style="color: #64748b; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 2px;">RESPONSE</div>
          [whom] Retention
          <div style="font-size: 11px; color: #7c3aed; margin-top: 2px;">Variant Choice</div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel" id="p1">
      <div class="hypo-grid">
        <div class="hypo-card">
          <div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between;">
            <span class="badge b-amber">Null (H₀)</span>
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              <span class="bar-label">Social</span>
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            Academic % = Social Media %
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            <span style="font-size: 11px; color: #0369a1; font-weight: 600;">Formality Bias</span>
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              <span class="bar-label">Academic</span>
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              <span class="bar-label">Social</span>
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            Academic % ≫ Social Media %
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            <span class="badge b-purple">(WHOM)</span>
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          <div class="tags">
            <span class="tag highlight">[whom] (inflected)</span>
            <span class="tag">[who] (uninflected)</span>
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            <span class="row-title">IV 1: External Factor</span>
            <span class="badge b-blue">Genre</span>
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            <span class="tag">News</span>
            <span class="tag">Fiction</span>
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            <span class="badge b-emerald">Syntax</span>
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            <span class="tag">Stranded Prep <i>(who...to)</i></span>
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Analyzing Articulatory Mechanics and Vowel Quadrilateral Dynamics

Evaluating Connected Speech Processes: Assimilation, Elision, and Liaison

Rhythm and Tempo in Spoken English

Using Intonation Patterns in Spoken English

Prosodic Prominence, Tonic Stress, and Information Packaging

Analysing Spoken Transcripts Using Phonetic and Prosodic Annotations

Advanced Acoustic Phonetics, Prosodic Contours, and Transcriptive Analysis

Introduction to the Integrated Linguistic and Literary Toolkit

Phonetics and Phonology: Analysing Speech Sounds

Prosodic Features in Spoken and Written Texts

Sound Iconicity and Phonological Patterning

Lexical Classification: Open and Closed Word Classes

Morphology and Etymology: Word Formation Processes

Denotation, Connotation, and Lexical Fields

Lexical Semantics: Synonymy, Antonymy, and Hyponymy

Figurative Language: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Synecdoche

Language Levels: Phonology, Lexis, and Semantics

Introduction to Articulatory Phonetics: Places and Manners of Articulation

The International Phonetic Alphabet: Transcribing English Vowels and Diphthongs

Connected Speech Processes: Assimilation, Elision, and Liaison

Prosodic Features: Intonation, Pitch, and Tone Units

Prosodic Features: Stress, Rhythm, Volume, and Tempo

Sound Iconicity: Phonesthemes and Phonological Stylistics

Linguistic Frameworks: Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosodics

Using Etymology to Understand Word Meanings

Tracing Loanwords from World Languages in English

Mechanisms of Semantic Shift: Broadening, Narrowing, Amelioration, and Pejoration

Lexical Fields, Semantic Networks, and Componential Analysis

Neologisms, Lexical Creation Processes, and Technological Shifts

Evaluating Taboo, Euphemism, and Ideological Load in Lexical Choice

Diachronic Semantics, Etymological Trajectories, and Lexical Change

Phrase-Level Grammar: Noun, Verb, and Prepositional Phrases

Clause Elements and Transitivity Systems

Sentence Types and Syntactic Structures

Voice and Agency: Active, Passive, and Middle Voice

Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Textual Construction

Cohesion and Coherence: Grammatical and Lexical Ties

Register and Formality: Analysing Tenor and Mode

Synthesising Language Levels in Micro-Analysis

Understanding How Purposeful Language Shapes Meaning

Language Levels: Grammar, Syntax, and Discourse

Word Classes: Open and Closed Lexical Categories

Denotation, Connotation, and Semantic Fields

Sense Relations: Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy

Collocation, Idiom, and Lexical Priming

Word-Formation Processes: Derivation, Compounding, and Blending

Metaphor, Metonymy, and Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Etymology and Lexical Borrowing: Latinate versus Anglo-Saxon Lexis

Lexical Density, Formality, and Register Variation

Linguistic Frameworks: Lexis and Semantics

Morphemes: Inflectional and Derivational Morphology

Noun Phrases and Pre- and Post-Modification

Verb Phrases: Tense, Aspect, Voice, and Modality

Prepositional, Adverbial, and Adjectival Phrases

Clause Elements: Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, and Adverbial

Clause Types: Main, Subordinate, Relative, and Non-Finite Clauses

Sentence Structures: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex

Sentence Moods: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamative

Information Packaging: Fronting, Cleft Sentences, and Passivisation

Linguistic Frameworks: Grammar and Morphology

Principles of Pragmatics: Context and Implied Meaning

Deixis: Spatial, Temporal, and Person Orientation

Speech Act Theory: Locution, Illocution, and Perlocution

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts

Gricean Maxims and the Cooperative Principle

Flouting, Violating, and Conversational Implicature

Politeness Theory: Positive and Negative Face

Leech's Politeness Maxims and Tact Principles

Presupposition and Entailment in Textual Rhetoric

Pragmatics: Utterance Meaning, Implicature, and Politeness

Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in Complex Word Formation

Phrase Structure Rules, Constituency Tests, and Tree Diagrams

Clause Architecture: Subordination, Coordination, and Information Flow

Analyzing Syntax in Complex Texts for Deeper Understanding

Syntactic Stylistics: Fronting, Inversion, and Cleft Constructions

Structural Ambiguity and Transformational Syntactic Analysis

Theoretical Syntax, Clause Architecture, and Morphological Systems

Gricean Maxims, Conversational Implicature, and Presupposition

Politeness Theory: Face Wants and Facework Strategies

Interrogating Power Dynamics in Spoken Discourse

Examining How Power Dynamics Are Expressed Through Language

Conversation Analysis: Turn-Taking, Adjacency Pairs, and Repair

Critical Pragmatics, Speech Act Theory, and Institutional Discourse

Discourse Structure: Macro and Micro Organisation

Schema Theory and Cognitive Frames

Foregrounding: Deviation and Parallelism in Discourse

Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideology and Power

Narrative Discourse: Labov's Narrative Framework

Intertextuality and Discourse Communities

Positioning Theory and Interpersonal Pragmatics

Pragmatic Failure and Miscommunication

Integrating Pragmatic and Discourse Analysis in Essays

Discourse Analysis: Structure, Ideology, and Narrative

Context and Deixis: Spatial, Temporal, and Person Deixis

Gricean Maxims and Conversational Implicature

Politeness Theory: Face Needs and Face-Threatening Acts

Discourse Markers, Hedging, and Interactional Features

Textual Cohesion and Coherence: Anaphora, Cataphora, and Ellipsis

Genre and Schema Theory: Analysing Discourse Structure

Linguistic Frameworks: Pragmatics and Discourse

Pre-Verbal Communication and Early Phonology: Cooing, Babbling, and Phonemic Expansion

Phonological Simplification Processes in Early Speech

Lexical and Semantic Development: Holophrastic Stage and Vocabulary Spurt

Semantic Errors: Overextension, Underextension, and Categorical Relations

Syntactic Milestones: Two-Word, Telegraphic, and Post-Telegraphic Stages

Morphological Acquisition: Brown's Stages and Berko's Wug Test

Pragmatic Development: Halliday's Functions and Conversational Skills

Theoretical Approaches to CLA: Nativist, Behaviourist, and Interactionist Models

Child-Directed Speech: Features and Debates on Caregiver Input

Child Language Acquisition: Spoken Development

Features of Spontaneous Speech: Dysfluency and Repair

Reading and Interpreting Spoken Language Transcripts

Conversation Analysis: Turn-Taking and Adjacency Pairs

Backchannelling, Hedging, and Vague Language

Planned Versus Unplanned Spoken Discourse

Rhetoric and Oratory in Political and Public Speeches

Interview Discourse: Power Asymmetry and Questioning Strategies

Podcast and Radio Discourse: Parasocial Interaction

Foundations of Spoken Discourse and Media Interaction

Exploring Regional Dialects and Word Variations in English

Social Variation: Sociolects, Genderlects, and Social Class Stratification

How Language Shapes Personal and Cultural Identity

World Englishes: Kachru's Three Circles and Post-Colonial Varieties

Pidgins, Creoles, and Language Contact Phenomena

Deconstructing Prescriptivism, Standard Language Ideology, and Linguistic Discrimination

OGE.13.LAN.6

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams