<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .main-wrap {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 540px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 12px;
    }

    /* Shift Selector Tabs */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 6px;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
    }

    .tab-btn {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 20px;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.25s ease;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }

    .tab-btn:hover {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      color: #1e2945;
    }

    .tab-btn.active {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1e2945;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(30,41,69,0.25);
    }

    /* Table Grid */
    .grid-container {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
      background: #ffffff;
      padding: 12px;
      border-radius: 12px;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
    }

    .col-header {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 800;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      text-align: center;
      padding-bottom: 6px;
      border-bottom: 1.5px solid #f1f5f9;
    }

    .row-card {
      grid-column: 1 / -1;
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
      align-items: center;
      padding: 8px 4px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, background 0.3s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .row-card.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.25;
    }

    .row-card.active-row {
      background: #f8fafc;
    }

    .cell {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #334155;
      text-align: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Sound Highlight Badges */
    .badge {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 2px 4px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      font-weight: 800;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
    }

    .b-blue {
      background: #dbeafe;
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .b-teal {
      background: #ccfbf1;
      color: #0f766e;
    }

    .b-amber {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #b45309;
    }

    .active-row .b-blue {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #3b82f6;
    }

    .active-row .b-teal {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #14b8a6;
    }

    .active-row .b-amber {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #f59e0b;
    }

    /* Shift Rule Visualizer Bar */
    .rule-bar {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 12px;
      padding: 8px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    .rule-item {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;
    }

    .rule-item.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.2;
    }

    .arrow {
      color: #94a3b8;
      font-size: 11px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 400px) {
      .cell {
        font-size: 13px;
      }
      .col-header {
        font-size: 10px;
      }
      .tab-btn {
        padding: 4px 8px;
        font-size: 12px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="main-wrap">
    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="tab-btn active" onclick="setShift('all', this)">✦ All Shifts</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setShift('p-f', this)">p → f</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setShift('t-th', this)">t → th</button>
      <button class="tab-btn" onclick="setShift('k-h', this)">k → h</button>
    </div>

    
    <div class="grid-container">
      <div class="col-header">PIE Root</div>
      <div class="col-header">Latin / Greek</div>
      <div class="col-header">English Shift</div>

      
      <div class="row-card active-row" id="row-p-f" onclick="selectRow('p-f')">
        <div class="cell">*<span class="badge b-blue">p</span>isk-</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-blue">p</span>iscis</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-blue">f</span>ish</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="row-card active-row" id="row-t-th" onclick="selectRow('t-th')">
        <div class="cell">*<span class="badge b-teal">t</span>reyes</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-teal">t</span>rēs</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-teal">th</span>ree</div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="row-card active-row" id="row-k-h" onclick="selectRow('k-h')">
        <div class="cell">*<span class="badge b-amber">k̂</span>wṓn-</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-amber">c</span>anis</div>
        <div class="cell"><span class="badge b-amber">h</span>ound</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="rule-bar">
      <div class="rule-item b-blue" id="rule-p-f">
        <span>*p</span> <span class="arrow">→</span> <span>f</span>
      </div>
      <div class="rule-item b-teal" id="rule-t-th">
        <span>*t</span> <span class="arrow">→</span> <span>th</span>
      </div>
      <div class="rule-item b-amber" id="rule-k-h">
        <span>*k</span> <span class="arrow">→</span> <span>h</span>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    const rows = {
      'p-f': document.getElementById('row-p-f'),
      't-th': document.getElementById('row-t-th'),
      'k-h': document.getElementById('row-k-h')
    };

    const rules = {
      'p-f': document.getElementById('rule-p-f'),
      't-th': document.getElementById('rule-t-th'),
      'k-h': document.getElementById('rule-k-h')
    };

    function setShift(type, btn) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
      if (btn) btn.classList.add('active');

      Object.keys(rows).forEach(key => {
        const match = type === 'all' || type === key;
        rows[key].classList.toggle('dimmed', !match);
        rows[key].classList.toggle('active-row', match);
        rules[key].classList.toggle('dimmed', !match);
      });
    }

    function selectRow(type) {
      const buttons = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn'));
      const targetBtn = buttons.find(b => b.textContent.includes(type.replace('-', ' → ')));
      if (targetBtn) {
        setShift(type, targetBtn);
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Using Etymology to Understand Word Meanings

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-start;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    /* Root Header */
    .root-node {
      background: #0f172a;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-radius: 999px;
      padding: 8px 18px;
      text-align: center;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(15, 23, 42, 0.15);
      margin-bottom: 8px;
      display: inline-flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 2px;
    }
    .root-title {
      font-size: 17px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #38bdf8;
    }
    .root-meaning {
      font-size: 12px;
      color: #cbd5e1;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 1px;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    /* Branch selector buttons */
    .branch-nav {
      display: flex;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
    }
    .nav-btn {
      flex: 1;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 6px 4px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      cursor: pointer;
      color: #64748b;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
      text-align: center;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }
    .nav-btn .sub {
      display: block;
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #94a3b8;
    }
    .nav-btn.active-all {
      background: #0f172a;
      color: #fff;
      border-color: #0f172a;
    }
    .nav-btn.active-all .sub { color: #cbd5e1; }
    
    .nav-btn.active-ger {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #92400e;
      border-color: #f59e0b;
    }
    .nav-btn.active-ger .sub { color: #b45309; }

    .nav-btn.active-lat {
      background: #ede9fe;
      color: #5b21b6;
      border-color: #8b5cf6;
    }
    .nav-btn.active-lat .sub { color: #6d28d9; }

    .nav-btn.active-grk {
      background: #e0f2fe;
      color: #0369a1;
      border-color: #0284c7;
    }
    .nav-btn.active-grk .sub { color: #0284c7; }

    /* Branch Grid */
    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 640px;
    }
    @media (max-width: 520px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 10px;
      }
    }

    .column {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 6px;
      transition: opacity 0.25s ease, transform 0.25s ease;
    }
    .column.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.22;
      filter: grayscale(0.8);
    }

    .col-header {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      text-align: center;
    }
    .ger-hdr { background: #fef3c7; color: #92400e; border: 1px solid #fde68a; }
    .lat-hdr { background: #ede9fe; color: #5b21b6; border: 1px solid #ddd6fe; }
    .grk-hdr { background: #e0f2fe; color: #0369a1; border: 1px solid #bae6fd; }

    /* Word Card */
    .word-card {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 7px 9px;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.04);
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 2px;
    }
    .ger-card { border-left: 3px solid #f59e0b; }
    .lat-card { border-left: 3px solid #8b5cf6; }
    .grk-card { border-left: 3px solid #0284c7; }

    .word-head {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: space-between;
      align-items: baseline;
    }
    .word-name {
      font-size: 14px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #0f172a;
    }
    .word-meaning {
      font-size: 11px;
      color: #64748b;
      font-style: italic;
    }

    .formula {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
      font-size: 11px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 2px 5px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      color: #334155;
      font-family: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace;
    }
    .prefix { color: #d97706; font-weight: 600; }
    .root-tag { color: #2563eb; font-weight: 700; }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  
  <div class="root-node">
    <span class="root-title">PIE *bʰer-</span>
    <span class="root-meaning">"to carry / bear"</span>
  </div>

  
  <div class="branch-nav">
    <button class="nav-btn active-all" id="btn-all" onclick="filterBranch('all')">
      All Branches
      <span class="sub">Overview</span>
    </button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-ger" onclick="filterBranch('ger')">
      Germanic
      <span class="sub">bear / birth</span>
    </button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-lat" onclick="filterBranch('lat')">
      Latin
      <span class="sub">-fer-</span>
    </button>
    <button class="nav-btn" id="btn-grk" onclick="filterBranch('grk')">
      Greek
      <span class="sub">-phor-</span>
    </button>
  </div>

  
  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="column" id="col-ger">
      <div class="col-header ger-hdr">Germanic Branch</div>
      
      <div class="word-card ger-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">bear</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">to hold / carry</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span>*bʰer-</span> <span>→</span> <span class="root-tag">bear</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card ger-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">burden</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">a load carried</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span>*bʰer-</span> <span>+</span> <span>-then</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card ger-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">birth</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">a carrying forth</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span>*bʰer-</span> <span>+</span> <span>-th</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card ger-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">barrow</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">vehicle to carry</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="root-tag">bear</span> <span>+</span> <span>-ow</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column" id="col-lat">
      <div class="col-header lat-hdr">Latin (-fer-)</div>

      <div class="word-card lat-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">transfer</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">carry across</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">trans-</span>(across) + <span class="root-tag">fer</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card lat-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">confer</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">bring together</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">con-</span>(with) + <span class="root-tag">fer</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card lat-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">differ</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">carry apart</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">dis-</span>(apart) + <span class="root-tag">fer</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="column" id="col-grk">
      <div class="col-header grk-hdr">Greek (-phor- / -pher-)</div>

      <div class="word-card grk-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">metaphor</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">carry meaning over</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">meta-</span>(across) + <span class="root-tag">phor</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card grk-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">periphery</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">outer boundary</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">peri-</span>(around) + <span class="root-tag">pher-</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="word-card grk-card">
        <div class="word-head">
          <span class="word-name">euphoria</span>
          <span class="word-meaning">bearing well</span>
        </div>
        <div class="formula">
          <span class="prefix">eu-</span>(well) + <span class="root-tag">phor-</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function filterBranch(type) {
      const cols = {
        ger: document.getElementById('col-ger'),
        lat: document.getElementById('col-lat'),
        grk: document.getElementById('col-grk')
      };
      
      const btns = {
        all: document.getElementById('btn-all'),
        ger: document.getElementById('btn-ger'),
        lat: document.getElementById('btn-lat'),
        grk: document.getElementById('btn-grk')
      };

      // Reset button classes
      Object.keys(btns).forEach(k => {
        btns[k].className = 'nav-btn';
      });

      if (type === 'all') {
        btns.all.classList.add('active-all');
        Object.values(cols).forEach(col => col.classList.remove('dimmed'));
      } else {
        btns[type].classList.add('active-' + type);
        Object.keys(cols).forEach(k => {
          if (k === type) {
            cols[k].classList.remove('dimmed');
          } else {
            cols[k].classList.add('dimmed');
          }
        });
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      background: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e2945;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding: 12px;
      user-select: none;
    }

    .diagram-svg {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 600px;
      height: auto;
      flex: 1;
    }

    /* Node badges */
    .node-pie {
      fill: #1e2945;
      rx: 8px;
    }
    .node-germanic {
      fill: #f0f9ff;
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      rx: 8px;
    }
    .node-native {
      fill: #e0f2fe;
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 2;
      rx: 8px;
    }
    .node-italic {
      fill: #fffbeb;
      stroke: #d97706;
      stroke-width: 1.5;
      rx: 8px;
    }
    .node-borrowed {
      fill: #fef3c7;
      stroke: #d97706;
      stroke-width: 2;
      rx: 8px;
    }

    /* Branch paths */
    .branch-native {
      stroke: #0284c7;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      fill: none;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .branch-italic {
      stroke: #d97706;
      stroke-width: 2.5;
      fill: none;
      stroke-linecap: round;
    }
    .borrowing-line {
      stroke: #d97706;
      stroke-width: 2;
      stroke-dasharray: 5 4;
      fill: none;
      stroke-linecap: round;
      animation: dash 12s linear infinite;
    }

    @keyframes dash {
      to { stroke-dashoffset: -100; }
    }

    /* Typography inside SVG */
    .txt-pie {
      fill: #ffffff;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-anchor: middle;
      dominant-baseline: central;
    }
    .txt-title-blue {
      fill: #0369a1;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-anchor: middle;
    }
    .txt-title-amber {
      fill: #b45309;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-anchor: middle;
    }
    .txt-word {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-anchor: middle;
      transition: opacity 0.2s ease;
    }
    .txt-word-blue { fill: #0c4a6e; }
    .txt-word-amber { fill: #78350f; }
    .txt-pie-word { fill: #94a3b8; font-size: 11px; font-style: italic; text-anchor: middle; }

    /* Interactive toggle bar */
    .toggle-bar {
      display: flex;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 4px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      padding: 4px;
      border-radius: 24px;
    }

    .toggle-btn {
      border: none;
      outline: none;
      background: transparent;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 transparent;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .toggle-btn.active {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <svg class="diagram-svg" viewBox="0 0 560 350">
    <defs>
      <marker id="arrow-amber" viewBox="0 0 8 8" refX="6" refY="4" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
        <path d="M 1 1 L 7 4 L 1 7 z" fill="#d97706" />
      </marker>
      <marker id="arrow-blue" viewBox="0 0 8 8" refX="6" refY="4" markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6" orient="auto-start-reverse">
        <path d="M 1 1 L 7 4 L 1 7 z" fill="#0284c7" />
      </marker>
    </defs>

    
    
    <path class="branch-native" d="M 220 54 L 140 92" />
    <path class="branch-native" d="M 140 138 L 140 172" />
    <path class="branch-native" d="M 140 218 L 140 252" marker-end="url(#arrow-blue)" />

    
    <path class="branch-italic" d="M 340 54 L 420 92" />
    <path class="branch-italic" d="M 420 138 L 420 172" />

    
    <path class="borrowing-line" d="M 420 218 L 420 252" marker-end="url(#arrow-amber)" />

    
    <g transform="translate(280, 36)">
      <rect class="node-pie" x="-120" y="-24" width="240" height="48" />
      <text class="txt-pie" y="-4">Proto-Indo-European</text>
      <text id="pie-word" class="txt-pie-word" y="14">*ḱwṓn</text>
    </g>

    
    <g transform="translate(140, 115)">
      <rect class="node-germanic" x="-75" y="-23" width="150" height="46" />
      <text class="txt-title-blue" y="-4">Proto-Germanic</text>
      <text id="gm-word" class="txt-word txt-word-blue" y="13">*hundaz</text>
    </g>

    <g transform="translate(140, 195)">
      <rect class="node-germanic" x="-75" y="-23" width="150" height="46" />
      <text class="txt-title-blue" y="-4">Old English</text>
      <text id="oe-word" class="txt-word txt-word-blue" y="13">hund</text>
    </g>

    <g transform="translate(140, 285)">
      <rect class="node-native" x="-85" y="-28" width="170" height="56" />
      <text class="txt-title-blue" y="-7">Native English</text>
      <text id="native-word" class="txt-word txt-word-blue" y="15" font-size="16">hound</text>
    </g>

    
    <g transform="translate(420, 115)">
      <rect class="node-italic" x="-75" y="-23" width="150" height="46" />
      <text class="txt-title-amber" y="-4">Italic &amp; Hellenic</text>
      <text id="it-word" class="txt-word txt-word-amber" y="13">Classical roots</text>
    </g>

    <g transform="translate(420, 195)">
      <rect class="node-italic" x="-75" y="-23" width="150" height="46" />
      <text class="txt-title-amber" y="-4">Latin &amp; Greek</text>
      <text id="cl-word" class="txt-word txt-word-amber" y="13">canis</text>
    </g>

    <g transform="translate(420, 285)">
      <rect class="node-borrowed" x="-85" y="-28" width="170" height="56" />
      <text class="txt-title-amber" y="-7">Learned Borrowing</text>
      <text id="borrowed-word" class="txt-word txt-word-amber" y="15" font-size="16">canine</text>
    </g>
  </svg>

  
  <div class="toggle-bar">
    <button class="toggle-btn active" onclick="setPair(0)">hound / canine</button>
    <button class="toggle-btn" onclick="setPair(1)">foot / pedal</button>
    <button class="toggle-btn" onclick="setPair(2)">heart / cardio</button>
  </div>

  <script>
    const pairs = [
      { pie: '*ḱwṓn', gm: '*hundaz', oe: 'hund', native: 'hound', it: 'canis', cl: 'caninus', borrowed: 'canine' },
      { pie: '*pṓds', gm: '*fōts', oe: 'fōt', native: 'foot', it: 'ped-', cl: 'pedalis', borrowed: 'pedal' },
      { pie: '*ḱērd', gm: '*hertô', oe: 'heorte', native: 'heart', it: 'kardia', cl: 'cardiacus', borrowed: 'cardio' }
    ];

    function setPair(idx) {
      const p = pairs[idx];
      document.getElementById('pie-word').textContent = p.pie;
      document.getElementById('gm-word').textContent = p.gm;
      document.getElementById('oe-word').textContent = p.oe;
      document.getElementById('native-word').textContent = p.native;
      document.getElementById('it-word').textContent = p.it;
      document.getElementById('cl-word').textContent = p.cl;
      document.getElementById('borrowed-word').textContent = p.borrowed;

      const btns = document.querySelectorAll('.toggle-btn');
      btns.forEach((b, i) => b.classList.toggle('active', i === idx));
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Introduction to the Integrated Linguistic and Literary Toolkit

Phonetics and Phonology: Analysing Speech Sounds

Prosodic Features in Spoken and Written Texts

Sound Iconicity and Phonological Patterning

Lexical Classification: Open and Closed Word Classes

Morphology and Etymology: Word Formation Processes

Denotation, Connotation, and Lexical Fields

Lexical Semantics: Synonymy, Antonymy, and Hyponymy

Figurative Language: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Synecdoche

Language Levels: Phonology, Lexis, and Semantics

Tracing Loanwords from World Languages in English

Mechanisms of Semantic Shift: Broadening, Narrowing, Amelioration, and Pejoration

Lexical Fields, Semantic Networks, and Componential Analysis

Neologisms, Lexical Creation Processes, and Technological Shifts

Evaluating Taboo, Euphemism, and Ideological Load in Lexical Choice

Diachronic Semantics, Etymological Trajectories, and Lexical Change

Phrase-Level Grammar: Noun, Verb, and Prepositional Phrases

Clause Elements and Transitivity Systems

Sentence Types and Syntactic Structures

Voice and Agency: Active, Passive, and Middle Voice

Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Textual Construction

Cohesion and Coherence: Grammatical and Lexical Ties

Register and Formality: Analysing Tenor and Mode

Synthesising Language Levels in Micro-Analysis

Understanding How Purposeful Language Shapes Meaning

Language Levels: Grammar, Syntax, and Discourse

Word Classes: Open and Closed Lexical Categories

Denotation, Connotation, and Semantic Fields

Sense Relations: Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy

Collocation, Idiom, and Lexical Priming

Word-Formation Processes: Derivation, Compounding, and Blending

Metaphor, Metonymy, and Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Etymology and Lexical Borrowing: Latinate versus Anglo-Saxon Lexis

Lexical Density, Formality, and Register Variation

Linguistic Frameworks: Lexis and Semantics

Pre-Verbal Communication and Early Phonology: Cooing, Babbling, and Phonemic Expansion

Phonological Simplification Processes in Early Speech

Lexical and Semantic Development: Holophrastic Stage and Vocabulary Spurt

Semantic Errors: Overextension, Underextension, and Categorical Relations

Syntactic Milestones: Two-Word, Telegraphic, and Post-Telegraphic Stages

Morphological Acquisition: Brown's Stages and Berko's Wug Test

Pragmatic Development: Halliday's Functions and Conversational Skills

Theoretical Approaches to CLA: Nativist, Behaviourist, and Interactionist Models

Child-Directed Speech: Features and Debates on Caregiver Input

Child Language Acquisition: Spoken Development

Features of Spontaneous Speech: Dysfluency and Repair

Reading and Interpreting Spoken Language Transcripts

Conversation Analysis: Turn-Taking and Adjacency Pairs

Backchannelling, Hedging, and Vague Language

Planned Versus Unplanned Spoken Discourse

Rhetoric and Oratory in Political and Public Speeches

Interview Discourse: Power Asymmetry and Questioning Strategies

Podcast and Radio Discourse: Parasocial Interaction

Foundations of Spoken Discourse and Media Interaction

Emergent Literacy and Reading Development: Phonics versus Whole Word

Graphological Development: Letter Formation and Directionality

Orthographic Development and Spelling Stages: Gentry's Model

Phonetic and Visual Spelling Errors: Overgeneralisation and Omission

Stages of Writing Development: Kroll's Model and Syntactic Growth

Genres and Functions of Children's Writing: Britton and Rothery

Analysing Children's Written Data: Systematic Framework Application

Child Language Acquisition: Literacy and Written Development

Accent, Dialect, and Sociolect in Spoken Voices

Historical Spoken Voices: Analysing Archival Transcripts

Constructed Dialogue and Represented Speech in Oral Narratives

Gender and Interaction in Spoken Discourse

Humour, Irony, and Sarcasm in Spoken Interaction

Courtroom and Legal Discourse: Institutional Constraints

Classroom and Educational Talk: The IRE Structure

Digital Spoken Hybridity: Voice Notes and Live Streams

Comparative Analysis of Two Contrasting Spoken Transcripts

Essay Writing on Spoken Voices and Transcription Data

Spoken Voices in Social, Institutional, and Comparative Contexts

Sociolects and Social Class: Labov's New York Department Store Study

Social Networks and Density: Lesley Milroy's Belfast Study

Communities of Practice: Lave, Wenger, and Eckert

Age and Teen-Speak: Stenström, Eckert, and Tagliamonte

Slang, Anti-Languages, and Subcultural Identity: Halliday and Polari

Ethnicity and Language: Caribbean Creoles and British Black English

Communication Accommodation Theory: Convergence and Divergence

Identity Construction in Digital and Online Affinity Spaces

Language, Social Groups, and Identity

Multimodal Text Analysis: Visual Grammar and Typography

Advertising and Promotional Texts: Semiotics and Persuasion

Digital and Online Discourse: Blogs, Forums, and Reviews

Historical Non-Fiction: Evaluating Texts Across Time

Satire, Parody, and Irony in Non-Fiction

Science and Nature Writing: Blending Rigour with Lyricism

Political Manifestos and Pamphlets: Discursive Strategies

Multimodal and Persuasive Discourse Analysis

The Deficit Model: Robin Lakoff's 'Language and Woman's Place'

The Dominance Model: Zimmerman and West, Fishman, and Spender

The Difference Model: Deborah Tannen and Cross-Cultural Talk

The Diversity Model and Performative Gender: Deborah Cameron and Judith Butler

Queer Linguistics and LGBTQ+ Discourses: Lavender Linguistics

Sexism in the English Language: Lexical Asymmetry and Semantic Derogation

Evaluating Gender Debates in Contemporary Media and Workplaces

Language, Gender, and Sexuality

Instrumental versus Influential Power: Fairclough and Wareing

Critical Discourse Analysis: Synthetic Personalisation and Ideology

Occupational Jargon and Registers: Swales and Discourse Communities

Workplace Interaction: Koester, Drew, and Heritage on Institutional Talk

Legal and Bureaucratic Language: Legalese and Plain English Campaigns

Political Rhetoric and Spin: Persuasive Mechanisms and Framing

Doctor-Patient Interaction and Asymmetrical Power Relationships

Language, Power, and Occupational Discourses

Periods of English: From Synthetic Old English to Analytic Modern English

The Great Vowel Shift and Historical Spelling Inconsistencies

Processes of Semantic Change: Broadening, Narrowing, Pejoration, and Amelioration

External Drivers of Change: Invasions, Trade, Technology, and Social Change

Internal Drivers and Linguistic Models: S-Curve, Wave Model, and Least Effort

Standardisation Processes: Haugen's Four-Stage Model and Johnson's Dictionary

Metaphors for Language Change: Jean Aitchison's Parody Models

Analysing Historical Texts: Side-by-Side Comparative Methodology

Language Change Over Time

Narrative Time: Order, Duration, and Frequency

World-Building and Text World Theory

Setting, Spatial Deixis, and Atmosphere Creation

Narrative Openings and Closings: Framing Strategies

Gothic and Dystopian Conventions in Prose Fiction

Modernist and Postmodern Innovations in the Novel

Sociolinguistic Realism in Prose Dialogue

Unseen Prose Extract: Stylistic Analysis

Comparative Thematic Analysis Across Set Prose Texts

Writing the Advanced Prose Stylistics Essay

Prose Stylistics: Narrative Structure, World-Building, and Critical Analysis

Kachru's Three Circles Model: Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles

Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes

English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and Seidlhofer's VOICE Project

Pidgins and Creoles: Creolisation, Decreolisation, and the Creole Continuum

American versus British English: Lexical, Orthographic, and Grammatical Contrasts

OGE.13.LAN.2

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams