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  <title>Maya Collapse Multi-Proxy Evidence</title>
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<body>

  <div class="controls">
    <button class="era-btn" onclick="setEra(0)">700 CE<span>Flourishing</span></button>
    <button class="era-btn active" onclick="setEra(1)">850 CE<span>Crisis Window</span></button>
    <button class="era-btn" onclick="setEra(2)">950 CE<span>Post-Collapse</span></button>
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    <strong>850 CE (Crisis Window):</strong> Severe precipitation collapse in sediment cores aligns precisely with an 80%+ drop in royal monuments and urgent defensive wooden palisades erected around temples.
  </div>

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      "<strong>850 CE (Crisis Window):</strong> Severe precipitation collapse in sediment cores aligns precisely with an 80%+ drop in royal monuments and urgent defensive wooden palisades erected around temples.",
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</body>
</html>

Determining Which Explanation Best Accords with Primary Evidence

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</head>
<body>

  <div class="matrix-grid" id="matrix">
    
    <div class="cell header-cell header-evidence">Primary Evidence</div>
    <div class="cell header-cell col-a">Account A</div>
    <div class="cell header-cell col-b">Account B</div>

    
    <div class="cell evidence-label row-1">🧪 Lake Sediment<br>Gypsum Cores</div>
    <div class="cell fit-bad col-a row-1">
      <span class="symbol">✕</span>
      <span class="sub">Unexplained</span>
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    <div class="cell fit-good col-b row-1">
      <span class="symbol">✓</span>
      <span class="sub">Direct Cause</span>
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    <div class="cell evidence-label row-2">🏛️ Monument<br>Inscriptions Halt</div>
    <div class="cell fit-mid col-a row-2">
      <span class="symbol">–</span>
      <span class="sub">Partial Fit</span>
    </div>
    <div class="cell fit-good col-b row-2">
      <span class="symbol">✓</span>
      <span class="sub">Direct Effect</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="cell evidence-label row-3">⚔️ Palisades &amp;<br>Skeletal Trauma</div>
    <div class="cell fit-good col-a row-3">
      <span class="symbol">✓</span>
      <span class="sub">Strong Fit</span>
    </div>
    <div class="cell fit-good col-b row-3">
      <span class="symbol">✓</span>
      <span class="sub">Downstream</span>
    </div>

    
    <div class="cell evidence-label header-evidence">Overall Consilience</div>
    <div class="cell footer-cell summary-low col-a">
      <span>Low Breadth</span>
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    <div class="cell footer-cell summary-high col-b">
      <span>High Consilience</span>
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    <button class="filter-btn active" id="btn-all" onclick="setMode('all')">Compare</button>
    <button class="filter-btn" id="btn-a" onclick="setMode('a')">Theory A</button>
    <button class="filter-btn" id="btn-b" onclick="setMode('b')">Theory B</button>
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      <div class="title">Explanatory<br>Breadth</div>
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Introduction to the Integrated Linguistic and Literary Toolkit

Phonetics and Phonology: Analysing Speech Sounds

Prosodic Features in Spoken and Written Texts

Sound Iconicity and Phonological Patterning

Lexical Classification: Open and Closed Word Classes

Morphology and Etymology: Word Formation Processes

Denotation, Connotation, and Lexical Fields

Lexical Semantics: Synonymy, Antonymy, and Hyponymy

Figurative Language: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Synecdoche

Language Levels: Phonology, Lexis, and Semantics

Identifying Multiple Explanations for Historical Actions

Evaluating Which Explanation Best Fits the Evidence

Recognizing Where Historical Texts Leave Matters Uncertain

Comparing Authors' Points of View on the Same Event

Assessing Authors' Claims in Competing Accounts

Evaluating Authors' Reasoning in Historical Arguments

Evaluating Authors' Evidence in Historical Writing

Corroborating Historical Claims with Other Sources

Challenging Historical Premises with Contradictory Evidence

Evaluating the Overall Strength of Historical Arguments

Recognizing Bias and Perspective in Historical Sources

Evaluating Historical Explanations and Perspectives

Phrase-Level Grammar: Noun, Verb, and Prepositional Phrases

Clause Elements and Transitivity Systems

Sentence Types and Syntactic Structures

Voice and Agency: Active, Passive, and Middle Voice

Tense, Aspect, and Modality in Textual Construction

Cohesion and Coherence: Grammatical and Lexical Ties

Register and Formality: Analysing Tenor and Mode

Synthesising Language Levels in Micro-Analysis

Understanding How Purposeful Language Shapes Meaning

Language Levels: Grammar, Syntax, and Discourse

Principles of Pragmatics: Context and Implied Meaning

Deixis: Spatial, Temporal, and Person Orientation

Speech Act Theory: Locution, Illocution, and Perlocution

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts

Gricean Maxims and the Cooperative Principle

Flouting, Violating, and Conversational Implicature

Politeness Theory: Positive and Negative Face

Leech's Politeness Maxims and Tact Principles

Presupposition and Entailment in Textual Rhetoric

Pragmatics: Utterance Meaning, Implicature, and Politeness

Discourse Structure: Macro and Micro Organisation

Schema Theory and Cognitive Frames

Foregrounding: Deviation and Parallelism in Discourse

Critical Discourse Analysis: Ideology and Power

Narrative Discourse: Labov's Narrative Framework

Intertextuality and Discourse Communities

Positioning Theory and Interpersonal Pragmatics

Pragmatic Failure and Miscommunication

Integrating Pragmatic and Discourse Analysis in Essays

Discourse Analysis: Structure, Ideology, and Narrative

Evaluating Conflicting Information in Multiple Texts

Challenging Textual Claims Using Contradictory Quantitative Data

Interrogating Underlying Premises and Philosophical Assumptions in Competing Arguments

Cross-Verifying Empirical Data Across Divergent Scientific Research Reports

Assessing Unresolved Questions, Methodological Limitations, and Open Debates in Nonfiction

Deconstructing Syllogisms, Fallacies, and Logical Vulnerabilities in Policy Documents

Evaluating Conflicting Claims, Reasoning, and Explanations

Features of Spontaneous Speech: Dysfluency and Repair

Reading and Interpreting Spoken Language Transcripts

Conversation Analysis: Turn-Taking and Adjacency Pairs

Backchannelling, Hedging, and Vague Language

Planned Versus Unplanned Spoken Discourse

Rhetoric and Oratory in Political and Public Speeches

Interview Discourse: Power Asymmetry and Questioning Strategies

Podcast and Radio Discourse: Parasocial Interaction

Foundations of Spoken Discourse and Media Interaction

Accent, Dialect, and Sociolect in Spoken Voices

Historical Spoken Voices: Analysing Archival Transcripts

Constructed Dialogue and Represented Speech in Oral Narratives

Gender and Interaction in Spoken Discourse

Humour, Irony, and Sarcasm in Spoken Interaction

Courtroom and Legal Discourse: Institutional Constraints

Classroom and Educational Talk: The IRE Structure

Digital Spoken Hybridity: Voice Notes and Live Streams

Comparative Analysis of Two Contrasting Spoken Transcripts

Essay Writing on Spoken Voices and Transcription Data

Spoken Voices in Social, Institutional, and Comparative Contexts

Determining the Meaning of Scientific Symbols and Notation

Understanding Key Technical Terms in Scientific Context

Identifying Domain-Specific Words in Science Texts

Analyzing How Texts Structure Information into Categories

Analyzing How Texts Organize Information into Hierarchies

Understanding Classification Systems in Technical Writing

Analyzing Author's Purpose in Scientific Explanations

Analyzing Author's Purpose in Describing Procedures

Analyzing Author's Purpose in Discussing Experiments

Identifying Unresolved Issues in Scientific Texts

Structure, Purpose, and Language in Science Texts

Integrating Quantitative Data with Scientific Text

Evaluating Video and Multimedia Sources in Science

Synthesizing Multiple Science Sources to Solve Problems

Evaluating Hypotheses in Scientific Texts

Verifying Data Claims in Science Writing

Corroborating Scientific Conclusions with Other Sources

Challenging Scientific Conclusions with Additional Evidence

Resolving Conflicting Information in Scientific Sources

Synthesizing Experiments and Texts into Coherent Understanding

Evaluating and Synthesizing Scientific Information

Literary Non-Fiction: Defining Genres and Conventions

Autobiography and Memoir: The Constructed Self

Biography and Profile Writing: Voice and Representation

Travel Writing: Othering, Place, and Cultural Encounter

Diary and Letter Writing: Private Voices and Epistolary Form

Essayistic Prose and Opinion Journalism

Investigative Journalism and Reportage Techniques

Literary Non-Fiction and Life Writing

Multimodal Text Analysis: Visual Grammar and Typography

Advertising and Promotional Texts: Semiotics and Persuasion

Digital and Online Discourse: Blogs, Forums, and Reviews

Historical Non-Fiction: Evaluating Texts Across Time

Satire, Parody, and Irony in Non-Fiction

Science and Nature Writing: Blending Rigour with Lyricism

Political Manifestos and Pamphlets: Discursive Strategies

Multimodal and Persuasive Discourse Analysis

Niveles de lectura: literal, inferencial y crítico-intertextual

Formulación de hipótesis de lectura y sentido global

Detección de la intención comunicativa y el propósito del autor

Relación del texto con su contexto histórico y sociopolítico

Diseño de esquemas de interpretación según la tipología textual

Fundamentos de la lectura crítica e inferencial

Evaluating Audience Positioning in Unseen Non-Fiction

Comparative Analysis of Paired Non-Fiction Texts

Close Stylistic Commentary on Unseen Non-Fiction

Mastering the Non-Fiction Analytical Essay

Unseen Non-Fiction Analysis and Essay Crafting

Lectura crítica de textos descriptivos: enfoques y perspectivas

Lectura crítica de textos narrativos: voces y focalización

Lectura crítica de textos explicativos y divulgativos

Interpretación de infografías, gráficas y tablas en textos continuos

Lectura crítica aplicada a tipologías textuales

Analyzing Which Details Authors Include and Emphasize

Evaluating Authors' Differing Perspectives on a Historical Event

Comparing Treatments of Topics Across Several Primary Sources

Comparing Primary Accounts with Modern Secondary Historiography

Analyzing Partisan Newspaper Coverage of Historical Elections

Comparing Nationalist Versus Internationalist Foreign Policy Texts

Analyzing Indigenous and Colonial Treaty Narratives

Evaluating Historiographical Schools of Thought on Industrialization

Synthesizing Divergent Eyewitness Testimonies into a Balanced View

social-studies

Multi-Perspective Analysis and Historiographical Debates (Grades 9–10)

Narratological Frameworks: Story, Plot, and Discourse

Point of View and Narrator Typologies

Unreliable Narration and Epistemic Distance

Focalisation: Internal, External, and Zero Focalisation

Speech and Thought Presentation: The Leech and Short Continuum

Free Indirect Discourse and Ironic Distance

Mind Style and Cognitive Stylistics in Fiction

Characterisation Through Lexis, Syntax, and Dialogue

Prose Stylistics: Narrative Voice, Perspective, and Characterisation

Inferencia de supuestos e implicaturas pragmáticas

Análisis de la polifonía y el discurso referido: citas y alusión

Detección de ironía, parodia y sátira en la lectura

Evaluación de la consistencia y validez de las fuentes en un texto

Síntesis crítica y juicio valorativo sobre obras literarias

Análisis pragmático y evaluación crítica avanzada

Narrative Time: Order, Duration, and Frequency

World-Building and Text World Theory

Setting, Spatial Deixis, and Atmosphere Creation

Narrative Openings and Closings: Framing Strategies

Gothic and Dystopian Conventions in Prose Fiction

Modernist and Postmodern Innovations in the Novel

Sociolinguistic Realism in Prose Dialogue

Unseen Prose Extract: Stylistic Analysis

Comparative Thematic Analysis Across Set Prose Texts

Writing the Advanced Prose Stylistics Essay

Prose Stylistics: Narrative Structure, World-Building, and Critical Analysis

Prosody and Metre: Scansion and Rhythmic Variation

Rhyme Schemes and Phonetic Harmony in Verse

Poetic Forms: The Sonnet Tradition and Mutations

Fixed Verse Forms: Villanelle, Sestina, and Ballad

Free Verse and Organic Form: Lineation and Typography

Poetic Form, Prosody, and Metre

La tesis argumentativa: definición, tipología y requisitos

Formulación y delimitación de una tesis académica

El modelo argumentativo de Toulmin: aserción, evidencia, garantía y respaldo

Argumentos de autoridad y criterios de legitimidad

Argumentos causales y correlación vs. causalidad

Argumentos por analogía y comparación estructural

Argumentos inductivos, deductivos y abductivos

Argumentos basados en datos, estadísticas y evidencias empíricas

La contraargumentación y la refutación estratégica

Tesis y estructura del argumento lógico

Detección de falacias lógicas en debates políticos y sociales

Falacias de relevancia y apelación a las emociones

El papel del lenguaje en la construcción del conocimiento científico y social

Estrategias explicativas: definición, ejemplificación y reformulación

Estrategias descriptivas y analógicas en el discurso argumentativo

Esquema de secuencias para el texto argumentativo oral y escrito

Falacias y discurso argumentativo

The Poetic Speaker: Persona and Dramatic Monologue

Lyric Poetry and Intimate Voice Construction

Imagery, Symbolism, and Synaesthesia in Verse

Syntactic Structure in Poetry: Inversion and Parallelism

Poetic Voices, Stylistics, and Traditions

OGE.12.RI.4

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams