<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    body {
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
      gap: 10px;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 620px;
    }

    .panel {
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 10px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      min-height: 140px;
      cursor: pointer;
      user-select: none;
      transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .panel:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
    }

    .panel.active {
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px currentColor;
    }

    /* Panel 1: Causal */
    .p-causal { color: #2563eb; }
    .p-causal.active { border-color: #2563eb; }

    /* Panel 2: Dialectical */
    .p-tension { color: #059669; }
    .p-tension.active { border-color: #059669; }

    /* Panel 3: Complementary */
    .p-synergy { color: #d97706; }
    .p-synergy.active { border-color: #d97706; }

    /* Panel 4: Hierarchical */
    .p-nested { color: #7c3aed; }
    .p-nested.active { border-color: #7c3aed; }

    .title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: 0.3px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 6px;
    }

    .visual-box {
      width: 100%;
      height: 80px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      position: relative;
    }

    /* Node Styles */
    .node {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 6px 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 1.5px solid #cbd5e1;
      color: #334155;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease, background 0.3s ease, border-color 0.3s ease, color 0.3s ease;
    }

    /* Visual 1: Causal Arrow */
    .causal-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }
    .causal-arrow {
      font-size: 16px;
      color: #2563eb;
      font-weight: bold;
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }
    .p-causal.active .causal-arrow {
      transform: translateX(3px);
    }
    .p-causal.active .node {
      border-color: #93c5fd;
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #1e40af;
    }

    /* Visual 2: Dialectical Tension */
    .scale-vis {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
    }
    .tension-icon {
      font-size: 15px;
      color: #059669;
      font-weight: bold;
    }
    .p-tension.active .node-left {
      transform: translateY(-4px);
    }
    .p-tension.active .node-right {
      transform: translateY(4px);
    }
    .p-tension.active .node {
      border-color: #a7f3d0;
      background: #ecfdf5;
      color: #065f46;
    }

    /* Visual 3: Synergy / Puzzle */
    .synergy-vis {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
    }
    .puzzle-left {
      border-top-right-radius: 0;
      border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
      border-right: 1px dashed #cbd5e1;
    }
    .puzzle-right {
      border-top-left-radius: 0;
      border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
      border-left: none;
    }
    .p-synergy.active .node {
      border-color: #fde68a;
      background: #fffbeb;
      color: #92400e;
    }
    .p-synergy.active .synergy-vis {
      filter: drop-shadow(0 2px 4px rgba(217, 119, 6, 0.15));
    }

    /* Visual 4: Nested Layers */
    .nested-outer {
      width: 130px;
      height: 64px;
      border: 1.5px dashed #7c3aed;
      background: #faf5ff;
      border-radius: 8px;
      position: relative;
      display: flex;
      align-items: flex-end;
      justify-content: center;
      padding-bottom: 6px;
      transition: background 0.3s ease;
    }
    .nested-tag {
      position: absolute;
      top: 3px;
      left: 6px;
      font-size: 9px;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #7c3aed;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }
    .nested-inner {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: 4px 14px;
      border-radius: 5px;
      background: #ffffff;
      border: 1.5px solid #7c3aed;
      color: #5b21b6;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(124, 58, 237, 0.1);
    }
    .p-nested.active .nested-outer {
      background: #f3e8ff;
    }

    .sub-label {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
    }

    @media (max-width: 380px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 8px;
      }
      .panel {
        min-height: 100px;
        flex-direction: row;
        padding: 8px 12px;
      }
      .visual-box {
        height: 50px;
        width: auto;
      }
      .nested-outer {
        width: 105px;
        height: 50px;
      }
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="panel p-causal active" onclick="activate(this)">
      <div class="title"><span>➡️</span> Causal</div>
      <div class="visual-box">
        <div class="causal-row">
          <div class="node">Idea A</div>
          <div class="causal-arrow">➔</div>
          <div class="node">Idea B</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sub-label">Drives / Triggers</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel p-tension" onclick="activate(this)">
      <div class="title"><span>⚖️</span> Tension</div>
      <div class="visual-box">
        <div class="scale-vis">
          <div class="node node-left">Idea A</div>
          <div class="tension-icon">⮂</div>
          <div class="node node-right">Idea B</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sub-label">Countervailing</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel p-synergy" onclick="activate(this)">
      <div class="title"><span>🧩</span> Synergy</div>
      <div class="visual-box">
        <div class="synergy-vis">
          <div class="node puzzle-left">Idea A</div>
          <div class="node puzzle-right">Idea B</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sub-label">Complementary</div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="panel p-nested" onclick="activate(this)">
      <div class="title"><span>🗂️</span> Nested</div>
      <div class="visual-box">
        <div class="nested-outer">
          <span class="nested-tag">Idea A (Macro)</span>
          <div class="nested-inner">Idea B</div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sub-label">Systemic / Layered</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function activate(el) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.panel').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));
      el.classList.add('active');
    }

    // Gentle auto-cycle when untouched
    let idx = 0;
    const panels = document.querySelectorAll('.panel');
    let timer = setInterval(() => {
      idx = (idx + 1) % panels.length;
      activate(panels[idx]);
    }, 3200);

    panels.forEach(p => {
      p.addEventListener('pointerdown', () => clearInterval(timer));
    });
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Identifying Two or More Central Ideas in Complex Nonfiction

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <title>Analyzing Dual Central Ideas</title>
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      background: #ffffff;
      color: #1e2945;
      padding: 12px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      min-height: 100%;
    }

    .diagram {
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 580px;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    /* Track Row */
    .tracks-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 10px;
    }

    @media (max-width: 440px) {
      .tracks-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .track-card {
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .track-card.track-1 {
      background: #eff6ff;
      border: 2px solid #2563eb;
    }

    .track-card.track-2 {
      background: #fffbeb;
      border: 2px solid #d97706;
    }

    .track-card.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.35;
      transform: scale(0.98);
    }

    .track-card.active {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: scale(1);
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    }

    .track-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: 13px;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .track-1 .track-header { color: #2563eb; }
    .track-2 .track-header { color: #d97706; }

    .track-title {
      font-size: 15px;
      font-weight: 700;
      line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .track-1 .track-title { color: #1e3a8a; }
    .track-2 .track-title { color: #78350f; }

    .evidence-pills {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 6px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .pill {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 4px 8px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    .track-1 .pill {
      background: #dbeafe;
      color: #1e40af;
    }

    .track-2 .pill {
      background: #fef3c7;
      color: #92400e;
    }

    /* Tension Bridge */
    .connector-row {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #64748b;
      margin: -2px 0;
    }

    .tension-badge {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      padding: 3px 10px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      color: #475569;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 4px;
    }

    /* Synthesis Box */
    .synthesis-card {
      background: #f8fafc;
      border: 2px solid #8b5cf6;
      border-radius: 10px;
      padding: 12px 14px;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease, box-shadow 0.3s ease;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .synthesis-card.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.35;
      transform: scale(0.98);
    }

    .synthesis-card.active {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: scale(1);
      background: #faf5ff;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(139, 92, 246, 0.12);
    }

    .synthesis-header {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .synthesis-tag {
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #7c3aed;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .synthesis-formula {
      font-size: 11px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #6b7280;
      background: #ede9fe;
      padding: 2px 6px;
      border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .synthesis-text {
      font-size: 13px;
      line-height: 1.4;
      color: #334155;
    }

    .synthesis-text strong.blue {
      color: #2563eb;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .synthesis-text strong.amber {
      color: #d97706;
      font-weight: 600;
    }

    .synthesis-text strong.purple {
      color: #7c3aed;
      font-weight: 700;
    }

    /* Stepper Controls */
    .controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-top: 4px;
    }

    .btn-step {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      color: #475569;
      font-size: 12px;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 5px 12px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease, border-color 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn-step.active {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1e2945;
    }

    .btn-step:hover:not(.active) {
      background: #e2e8f0;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="diagram">
    
    <div class="tracks-grid">
      
      <div class="track-card track-1 active" id="card1" onclick="setStep(0)">
        <div class="track-header">
          <span>Idea 1</span>
          <span>🌿 Benefit</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-title">Public Health & Ecology</div>
        <div class="evidence-pills">
          <span class="pill">❄️ Heat Reduction</span>
          <span class="pill">❤️ Lower Mortality</span>
        </div>
      </div>

      
      <div class="track-card track-2 active" id="card2" onclick="setStep(1)">
        <div class="track-header">
          <span>Idea 2</span>
          <span>🏙️ Risk</span>
        </div>
        <div class="track-title">Gentrification & Housing</div>
        <div class="evidence-pills">
          <span class="pill">📈 Land Speculation</span>
          <span class="pill">⚠️ Displacement</span>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="connector-row">
      <div class="tension-badge">
        <span>⚡️</span>
        <span>Interacting in Tension</span>
        <span>⚡️</span>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="synthesis-card active" id="cardSynthesis" onclick="setStep(2)">
      <div class="synthesis-header">
        <span class="synthesis-tag">✦ Synthesis Statement</span>
        <span class="synthesis-formula">Idea 1 + Idea 2 = Central Claim</span>
      </div>
      <p class="synthesis-text">
        While urban greening provides vital <strong class="blue">ecological cooling</strong>, it paradoxically endangers residents through <strong class="amber">economic displacement</strong> unless paired with <strong class="purple">housing protections</strong>.
      </p>
    </div>

    
    <div class="controls">
      <button class="btn-step" id="btn0" onclick="setStep(0)">Track 1</button>
      <button class="btn-step" id="btn1" onclick="setStep(1)">Track 2</button>
      <button class="btn-step" id="btn2" onclick="setStep(2)">Synthesis</button>
      <button class="btn-step active" id="btn3" onclick="setStep(3)">Show All</button>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    let currentStep = 3;

    function setStep(step) {
      currentStep = step;
      const card1 = document.getElementById('card1');
      const card2 = document.getElementById('card2');
      const cardSynth = document.getElementById('cardSynthesis');

      // Update button styles
      for (let i = 0; i <= 3; i++) {
        const btn = document.getElementById('btn' + i);
        if (i === step) {
          btn.classList.add('active');
        } else {
          btn.classList.remove('active');
        }
      }

      // Update card focus
      if (step === 0) {
        card1.className = 'track-card track-1 active';
        card2.className = 'track-card track-2 dimmed';
        cardSynth.className = 'synthesis-card dimmed';
      } else if (step === 1) {
        card1.className = 'track-card track-1 dimmed';
        card2.className = 'track-card track-2 active';
        cardSynth.className = 'synthesis-card dimmed';
      } else if (step === 2) {
        card1.className = 'track-card track-1 dimmed';
        card2.className = 'track-card track-2 dimmed';
        cardSynth.className = 'synthesis-card active';
      } else {
        card1.className = 'track-card track-1 active';
        card2.className = 'track-card track-2 active';
        cardSynth.className = 'synthesis-card active';
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <meta name="aspect-ratio" content="4:3">
  <style>
    * {
      box-sizing: border-box;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
    }

    body {
      padding: 12px;
      color: #1e2945;
      background: #ffffff;
    }

    .toolbar {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      gap: 8px;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }

    .btn-toggle {
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
      padding: 6px 14px;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #64748b;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: all 0.2s ease;
    }

    .btn-toggle.active {
      background: #1e2945;
      color: #ffffff;
      border-color: #1e2945;
    }

    .grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 12px;
      max-width: 680px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }

    @media (max-width: 480px) {
      .grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
      }
    }

    .arch-card {
      border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;
      border-radius: 12px;
      padding: 12px;
      background: #ffffff;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      align-items: center;
      transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;
      min-height: 280px;
    }

    .arch-card.dimmed {
      opacity: 0.25;
    }

    .card-title {
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
      color: #64748b;
      margin-bottom: 12px;
    }

    .node {
      padding: 8px 12px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      font-size: 13px;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-align: center;
      border: 1.5px solid transparent;
      background: #f8fafc;
      transition: all 0.3s ease;
      width: 100%;
      max-width: 120px;
    }

    .node-neutral {
      border-color: #cbd5e1;
      color: #334155;
    }

    .node-a {
      border-color: #2563eb;
      background: #eff6ff;
      color: #2563eb;
    }

    .node-b {
      border-color: #059669;
      background: #ecfdf5;
      color: #059669;
    }

    .node-synth {
      border-color: #d97706;
      background: #fffbeb;
      color: #d97706;
    }

    .node-detail {
      font-size: 11px;
      padding: 4px 6px;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px dashed #cbd5e1;
      color: #64748b;
      border-radius: 6px;
      width: 100%;
      text-align: center;
    }

    .node-detail.sub-a {
      background: #f0f7ff;
      border-color: #93c5fd;
      color: #1d4ed8;
    }

    .node-detail.sub-b {
      background: #f0fdf4;
      border-color: #86efac;
      color: #047857;
    }

    .connector-svg {
      width: 100%;
      height: 32px;
      display: block;
    }

    .dual-col {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 8px;
      width: 100%;
    }

    .details-row {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 4px;
      width: 100%;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div class="toolbar">
    <button class="btn-toggle active" id="btnAll" onclick="setView('all')">Compare</button>
    <button class="btn-toggle" id="btnBasic" onclick="setView('basic')">Basic</button>
    <button class="btn-toggle" id="btnComplex" onclick="setView('complex')">Complex</button>
  </div>

  <div class="grid">
    
    <div class="arch-card" id="cardBasic">
      <div class="card-title">Basic Structure</div>
      
      <div class="node node-neutral">Central Idea</div>

      <svg class="connector-svg" viewBox="0 0 200 40">
        <path d="M100,0 L100,15 M100,15 L35,35 M100,15 L100,35 M100,15 L165,35" stroke="#cbd5e1" stroke-width="2" fill="none" />
      </svg>

      <div class="details-row">
        <div class="node-detail">Detail 1</div>
        <div class="node-detail">Detail 2</div>
        <div class="node-detail">Detail 3</div>
      </div>
    </div>

    
    <div class="arch-card" id="cardComplex">
      <div class="card-title">Complex Structure</div>

      <div class="dual-col">
        <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
          <div class="node node-a">Idea A</div>
          <svg class="connector-svg" viewBox="0 0 100 30">
            <line x1="50" y1="0" x2="50" y2="30" stroke="#93c5fd" stroke-width="2" />
          </svg>
          <div class="node-detail sub-a">Evidence</div>
        </div>

        <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:column; align-items:center;">
          <div class="node node-b">Idea B</div>
          <svg class="connector-svg" viewBox="0 0 100 30">
            <line x1="50" y1="0" x2="50" y2="30" stroke="#86efac" stroke-width="2" />
          </svg>
          <div class="node-detail sub-b">Evidence</div>
        </div>
      </div>

      <svg class="connector-svg" viewBox="0 0 200 35">
        <path d="M50,0 L50,15 L100,30 M150,0 L150,15 L100,30" stroke="#d97706" stroke-width="2" fill="none" stroke-dasharray="3,3" />
      </svg>

      <div class="node node-synth">Synthesis</div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    function setView(mode) {
      document.querySelectorAll('.btn-toggle').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
      const basicCard = document.getElementById('cardBasic');
      const complexCard = document.getElementById('cardComplex');

      if (mode === 'all') {
        document.getElementById('btnAll').classList.add('active');
        basicCard.classList.remove('dimmed');
        complexCard.classList.remove('dimmed');
      } else if (mode === 'basic') {
        document.getElementById('btnBasic').classList.add('active');
        basicCard.classList.remove('dimmed');
        complexCard.classList.add('dimmed');
      } else if (mode === 'complex') {
        document.getElementById('btnComplex').classList.add('active');
        basicCard.classList.add('dimmed');
        complexCard.classList.remove('dimmed');
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources

Citing Evidence From Primary Source Documents

Citing Evidence From Secondary Historical Sources

Connecting Specific Details to Whole-Text Understanding

Determining Central Ideas in Primary Source Documents

Determining Central Ideas in Secondary Historical Analysis

Identifying Relationships Among Key Details and Ideas

Writing Accurate Summaries of Historical Documents

Tracing How Details Build a Historical Argument

Analyzing Historical Sources: Evidence and Central Ideas

Introduction to Articulatory Phonetics: Places and Manners of Articulation

The International Phonetic Alphabet: Transcribing English Vowels and Diphthongs

Connected Speech Processes: Assimilation, Elision, and Liaison

Prosodic Features: Intonation, Pitch, and Tone Units

Prosodic Features: Stress, Rhythm, Volume, and Tempo

Sound Iconicity: Phonesthemes and Phonological Stylistics

Analysing Spoken Transcripts Using Phonetic and Prosodic Annotations

Linguistic Frameworks: Phonetics, Phonology, and Prosodics

Tracing How Ideas Interact and Develop Over a Text

Analyzing a Complex Set of Ideas in Informational Text

Writing a Complex Analysis of Interacting Ideas

Extracting Underlying Premises and Foundational Hypotheses in Theoretical Essays

Paraphrasing Intricate Technical and Mechanical Systems into Coherent Explanations

Constructing Structured Summaries of Multi-Stage Historical Developments

Central Ideas, Hypotheses, and Complex Process Summaries

Word Classes: Open and Closed Lexical Categories

Denotation, Connotation, and Semantic Fields

Sense Relations: Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, and Meronymy

Collocation, Idiom, and Lexical Priming

Word-Formation Processes: Derivation, Compounding, and Blending

Metaphor, Metonymy, and Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Etymology and Lexical Borrowing: Latinate versus Anglo-Saxon Lexis

Lexical Density, Formality, and Register Variation

Linguistic Frameworks: Lexis and Semantics

Morphemes: Inflectional and Derivational Morphology

Noun Phrases and Pre- and Post-Modification

Verb Phrases: Tense, Aspect, Voice, and Modality

Prepositional, Adverbial, and Adjectival Phrases

Clause Elements: Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, and Adverbial

Clause Types: Main, Subordinate, Relative, and Non-Finite Clauses

Sentence Structures: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex

Sentence Moods: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamative

Information Packaging: Fronting, Cleft Sentences, and Passivisation

Linguistic Frameworks: Grammar and Morphology

Context and Deixis: Spatial, Temporal, and Person Deixis

Speech Act Theory: Locution, Illocution, and Perlocution

Gricean Maxims and Conversational Implicature

Politeness Theory: Face Needs and Face-Threatening Acts

Conversation Analysis: Turn-Taking, Adjacency Pairs, and Repair

Discourse Markers, Hedging, and Interactional Features

Textual Cohesion and Coherence: Anaphora, Cataphora, and Ellipsis

Genre and Schema Theory: Analysing Discourse Structure

Linguistic Frameworks: Pragmatics and Discourse

Citing Textual Evidence From Science Texts

Identifying Important Distinctions in Scientific Writing

Detecting Gaps and Inconsistencies in Technical Accounts

Determining Central Ideas in Complex Science Texts

Paraphrasing Complex Scientific Concepts in Simpler Terms

Summarizing Technical Processes Accurately

Following Complex Multistep Experimental Procedures

Analyzing Experimental Results Based on Text Explanations

Carrying Out Technical Measurements From Instructions

Reading College-Level Science and Technical Texts Independently

Reading and Analyzing Science/Technical Texts

Emergent Literacy and Reading Development: Phonics versus Whole Word

Graphological Development: Letter Formation and Directionality

Orthographic Development and Spelling Stages: Gentry's Model

Phonetic and Visual Spelling Errors: Overgeneralisation and Omission

Stages of Writing Development: Kroll's Model and Syntactic Growth

Genres and Functions of Children's Writing: Britton and Rothery

Analysing Children's Written Data: Systematic Framework Application

Child Language Acquisition: Literacy and Written Development

Accent versus Dialect and Received Pronunciation (RP)

Phonological Variation Across the UK: Isoglosses and Vowel Splits

Dialectal Grammar and Morphosyntactic Variation in the British Isles

Trudgill's Norwich Study and Social Class Stratification

Dialect Levelling and Estuary English: Kerswill and Rosewarne

Multicultural London English (MLE) and Urban Youth Dialects

Language Attitudes Towards Accents: Matched-Guise Technique and Giles

Prescriptivism versus Descriptivism in Regional Language Debates

Language Diversity: Accents, Dialects, and Regional Variation

Estrategias de clave de contexto para términos desconocidos

Denotación, connotación y carga ideológica del léxico

Sinonimia conceptual: matices semánticos y precisión

Antonimia gradual, complementaria y recíproca

Polisemia, homonimia y ambigüedad léxica

Campos semánticos y redes conceptuales en el texto

Relaciones semánticas y precisión léxica en textos académicos

Sociolects and Social Class: Labov's New York Department Store Study

Social Networks and Density: Lesley Milroy's Belfast Study

Communities of Practice: Lave, Wenger, and Eckert

Age and Teen-Speak: Stenström, Eckert, and Tagliamonte

Slang, Anti-Languages, and Subcultural Identity: Halliday and Polari

Ethnicity and Language: Caribbean Creoles and British Black English

Communication Accommodation Theory: Convergence and Divergence

Identity Construction in Digital and Online Affinity Spaces

Language, Social Groups, and Identity

Niveles de lectura: literal, inferencial y crítico-intertextual

Formulación de hipótesis de lectura y sentido global

Detección de la intención comunicativa y el propósito del autor

Relación del texto con su contexto histórico y sociopolítico

Diseño de esquemas de interpretación según la tipología textual

Fundamentos de la lectura crítica e inferencial

The Deficit Model: Robin Lakoff's 'Language and Woman's Place'

The Dominance Model: Zimmerman and West, Fishman, and Spender

The Difference Model: Deborah Tannen and Cross-Cultural Talk

The Diversity Model and Performative Gender: Deborah Cameron and Judith Butler

Queer Linguistics and LGBTQ+ Discourses: Lavender Linguistics

Sexism in the English Language: Lexical Asymmetry and Semantic Derogation

Evaluating Gender Debates in Contemporary Media and Workplaces

Language, Gender, and Sexuality

Instrumental versus Influential Power: Fairclough and Wareing

Critical Discourse Analysis: Synthetic Personalisation and Ideology

Occupational Jargon and Registers: Swales and Discourse Communities

Workplace Interaction: Koester, Drew, and Heritage on Institutional Talk

Legal and Bureaucratic Language: Legalese and Plain English Campaigns

Political Rhetoric and Spin: Persuasive Mechanisms and Framing

Doctor-Patient Interaction and Asymmetrical Power Relationships

Language, Power, and Occupational Discourses

Inferencia de supuestos e implicaturas pragmáticas

Análisis de la polifonía y el discurso referido: citas y alusión

Detección de ironía, parodia y sátira en la lectura

Evaluación de la consistencia y validez de las fuentes en un texto

Síntesis crítica y juicio valorativo sobre obras literarias

Análisis pragmático y evaluación crítica avanzada

Periods of English: From Synthetic Old English to Analytic Modern English

The Great Vowel Shift and Historical Spelling Inconsistencies

Processes of Semantic Change: Broadening, Narrowing, Pejoration, and Amelioration

External Drivers of Change: Invasions, Trade, Technology, and Social Change

Internal Drivers and Linguistic Models: S-Curve, Wave Model, and Least Effort

Standardisation Processes: Haugen's Four-Stage Model and Johnson's Dictionary

Metaphors for Language Change: Jean Aitchison's Parody Models

Analysing Historical Texts: Side-by-Side Comparative Methodology

Language Change Over Time

Connecting Insights From Specific Details to the Whole Text

Summarizing Complex Relationships Among Key Details and Ideas

Extracting Quantitative Data From Economic Reports to Support Policy Analysis

Analyzing How Qualifying Clauses Shape Central Constitutional Doctrines

Synthesizing Interlocking Arguments in The Federalist Papers

Analyzing Micro-Level Historical Vignettes Within Macro-Historiography

Mapping the Interdependence of Economic Theories in Classic Treatises

Assessing Strengths and Limitations of Primary and Secondary Sources

Conducting Scholarly Meta-Analyses of Historical Periods

social-studies

Scholarly Synthesis and Holistic Textual Analysis (Grades 11–12)

Analysing Multimodal Texts: Integrating Typography, Image, and Layout

Representation and Social Actors: Van Leeuwen's Framework

Audience Positioning: Implied Reader, Synthetic Personalisation, and Mode

Comparative Text Analysis: Structuring Integrated Linguistic Essays

Analysing Journalism: Tabloid versus Broadsheet Discourse

Digital and Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)

Rhetorical and Persuasive Techniques in Speeches and Manifestos

Evaluating Subtext and Ideological Assumptions in Contemporary Media

Text Analysis: Meanings and Representations

Writing Discursive Essays on Topical Language Issues

Crafting Opinion Journalism and Popular Articles About Language

Writing Persuasive Speeches and Talks About Language Diversity

Original Writing: Genre Transformation and Stylistic Control

Writing the Reflective and Critical Commentary

Language Investigation: Formulating Hypotheses and Research Questions

Methodology and Data Collection: Corpora, Surveys, and Transcripts

Data Analysis and Evaluation: Quantitative and Qualitative Findings

Original Writing, Language Debates, and Investigation

Estructura general del texto expositivo: introducción, desarrollo y conclusión

OGE.12.RI.2

Aligned learning resources

Related diagrams